{
  "release_id": "thrive-v1-9d751b6f6d1787853e7f8e31",
  "flora_id": 19,
  "display_name": "Asian copperleaf",
  "scientific_name": "Acalypha australis",
  "document": {
    "schema_version": "flora-language-separated-v0.3",
    "language": "en",
    "id": 19,
    "taxonomy": {
      "original_scientific_name": "Acalypha australis",
      "accepted_name": "Acalypha australis L.",
      "family": "Euphorbiaceae",
      "genus": "Acalypha"
    },
    "display_name": "Asian copperleaf",
    "family_display": "Euphorbiaceae",
    "genus_display": "Acalypha",
    "description": {
      "summary": "Acalypha australis is a widespread East Asian annual of open, disturbed habitats. BiosalineDB also lists coastal mudflats, but its cited material does not support that habitat claim; species-specific saline-site root-zone records and salt-treatment growth studies remain lacking.",
      "sections": [
        {
          "id": "s01",
          "title": "Overview",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s01-p01",
              "text": "Acalypha australis is a widespread East Asian annual of open, disturbed habitats. BiosalineDB also lists coastal mudflats, but the page’s general habitat information and cited chemistry/pharmacology papers do not substantiate that claim.",
              "source_ids": [
                "S1",
                "S2",
                "S3"
              ],
              "claim_type": "project_synthesis"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s02",
          "title": "Names and classification",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s02-p01",
              "text": "Accepted as Acalypha australis L.",
              "source_ids": [
                "S2",
                "S3",
                "S5"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            },
            {
              "id": "s02-p02",
              "text": "POWO, Flora of China, and VicFlora use Acalypha australis L.; the cited sources do not indicate a synonym treatment that changes the species circumscription.",
              "source_ids": [
                "S2",
                "S3",
                "S5"
              ],
              "claim_type": "project_synthesis"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s03",
          "title": "Morphology and identification",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s03-p01",
              "text": "An annual herb with alternate, ovate to rhombic-ovate, toothed leaves. Small unisexual flowers occur in axillary or nearly terminal spikes, and the fruit is a small capsule. Identification among Acalypha species relies in part on leaf shape and inflorescence structure.",
              "source_ids": [
                "S2",
                "S3"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s04",
          "title": "Distribution, habitat and phenology",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s04-p01",
              "text": "BiosalineDB lists plains, hillsides, and wasteland as general habitats, while its salinity field separately mentions coastal mudflats; its cited papers concern chemistry or pharmacology. VicFlora describes the species as an annual of open, disturbed sites.",
              "source_ids": [
                "S1",
                "S2",
                "S3",
                "S4",
                "S5"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            },
            {
              "id": "s04-p02",
              "text": "BiosalineDB and Flora of China each report flowering and fruiting from April to December; these are source-specific records, not a range-wide calendar.",
              "source_ids": [
                "S1",
                "S5",
                "S6"
              ],
              "claim_type": "evidence_gap"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s05",
          "title": "Salinity in natural habitats",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s05-p01",
              "text": "Available habitat records do not provide a salt-marsh locality or saline root-zone measurement tied to this species; the BiosalineDB coastal-mudflat claim lacks ecological support.",
              "source_ids": [
                "S1",
                "S2",
                "S3"
              ],
              "claim_type": "project_synthesis"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s06",
          "title": "Salinity studies",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s06-p01",
              "text": "The available sources report no plant-growth trial or quantitative salinity response for this species.",
              "source_ids": [],
              "claim_type": "evidence_gap"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s07",
          "title": "Reported mechanisms and ecological adaptations",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s07-p01",
              "text": "The available sources report no study of ion regulation, osmotic responses, or other salt-stress mechanisms in this species.",
              "source_ids": [
                "S1",
                "S2",
                "S3"
              ],
              "claim_type": "project_synthesis"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s08",
          "title": "Conclusions and evidence gaps",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s08-p01",
              "text": "The BiosalineDB coastal-mudflat habitat entry lacks ecological support; field surveys and controlled experiments are needed to establish whether the species occurs in natural saline sites and how it grows under salt treatment.",
              "source_ids": [
                "S1",
                "S2",
                "S3",
                "S4"
              ],
              "claim_type": "project_synthesis"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "tolerance_evidence": [],
    "database_records": [
      {
        "name_original": "biosalinedb",
        "display_name": "BiosalineDB",
        "record_id": "TaxID 720869",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "The species-level page lists plains, hillsides, and wasteland as general habitats, and separately says the plant may occur on coastal mudflats and has some salt tolerance, without giving a value. Its cited papers concern pharmacology or plant extracts and do not provide ecological support for the mudflat claim.",
        "source_ids": [
          "S1",
          "S4",
          "S3"
        ]
      },
      {
        "name_original": "floraveg",
        "display_name": "FloraVeg.EU",
        "record_id": "Acalypha australis exact match",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "The FloraVeg.EU European match lists the life form as Therophyte and has zero saline/brackish EUNIS associations. It describes European communities and does not represent habitats across the species’ East Asian range.",
        "source_ids": [
          "S2"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "S1",
        "citation_original": "BiosalineDB profile, Acalypha australis (TaxID 720869)",
        "url": "https://db.cngb.org/biosaline/coastal_plants/?id=720869&lvl=species",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "database",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-29"
      },
      {
        "id": "S2",
        "citation_original": "FloraVeg.EU species profile, Acalypha australis",
        "url": "https://www.floraveg.eu/",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "database",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-29"
      },
      {
        "id": "S3",
        "citation_original": "National Herbarium of Victoria, Euphorbiaceae identification and distribution resources",
        "url": "https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "authoritative_flora",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-29"
      },
      {
        "id": "S4",
        "citation_original": "BiosalineDB cited references attached to Acalypha australis profile",
        "url": "https://db.cngb.org/biosaline/coastal_plants/?id=720869&lvl=species",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "database",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-29"
      },
      {
        "id": "S5",
        "citation_original": "Plants of the World Online (POWO), Kew Science. Acalypha australis L.",
        "url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:337182-1",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "taxonomic_authority",
        "verification_level": "authority_record",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-02"
      },
      {
        "id": "S6",
        "citation_original": "Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2008. Acalypha australis L. Flora of China 11: 251–255.",
        "url": "https://www.iplant.cn/foc/pdf/Acalypha.pdf",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "flora_treatment",
        "verification_level": "full_text",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-03"
      }
    ]
  }
}