{
  "release_id": "thrive-v1-9d751b6f6d1787853e7f8e31",
  "flora_id": 375,
  "display_name": "海榄雌",
  "scientific_name": "Avicennia marina",
  "document": {
    "schema_version": "flora-language-separated-v0.3",
    "language": "zh",
    "id": 375,
    "taxonomy": {
      "original_scientific_name": "Avicennia marina",
      "accepted_name": "Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.",
      "family": "Acanthaceae",
      "genus": "Avicennia"
    },
    "display_name": "海榄雌",
    "family_display": "爵床科 Acanthaceae",
    "genus_display": "海榄雌属 Avicennia",
    "description": {
      "summary": "海榄雌是从淡水影响河口到高盐潮间带的红树林乔木。天然记录与研究显示多种盐环境响应，但海盐、天然海水、土壤PSU、EC与纯NaCl分别解释。",
      "sections": [
        {
          "id": "s01",
          "title": "概述",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s01-p01",
              "text": "海榄雌（Avicennia marina）是热带和亚热带海岸红树林乔木，天然种群从淡水影响河口延伸至高盐潮间带。澳大利亚、孟加拉和阿曼的现场资料提供彼此独立的生境记录；培养研究涵盖NaCl、土壤PSU、天然海水、商业海盐与纯NaCl繁殖体，指标和生育阶段不可互换。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S01",
                "S03",
                "S04",
                "S05"
              ],
              "claim_type": "project_synthesis"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s02",
          "title": "名称与分类",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s02-p01",
              "text": "POWO接受Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.，并列subsp. australasica、subsp. eucalyptifolia、subsp. marina及var. rumphiana。POWO当前将A. alba作为独立接受种；eHALOPH将其作为A. marina异名的注记与现行处理冲突。名称A. rumphiana对应接受变种var. rumphiana。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S01",
                "S02",
                "S13",
                "S15"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s03",
          "title": "形态与鉴别",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s03-p01",
              "text": "本种为海榄雌属红树林乔木，具伸出沉积物的呼吸根，繁殖体在母株上萌发形成胎生繁殖体，叶片可有盐腺。一般红树林习性不能单独确定种下范围；Santini、Abu Hena和Atia研究所用材料均明确标作 A. marina。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S01",
                "S03",
                "S04",
                "S17"
              ],
              "claim_type": "project_synthesis"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s04",
          "title": "分布、生境与物候",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s04-p01",
              "text": "POWO原生范围为旧大陆热带、亚热带至澳大利亚，延及亚洲、非洲、澳大利亚及太平洋地区。现场记录来自澳大利亚Moreton Bay至Exmouth Gulf、孟加拉Bakkhali河口和阿曼沿海khawr。海水与河流、降雨及地下水混合作用形成地点和季节差异。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S01",
                "S03",
                "S04",
                "S05"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s05",
          "title": "自然生境中的盐分关联",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s05-p01",
              "text": "Santini等在五个天然站位30 cm深根区孔隙水测得15–54 ppt；Giralia Bay旱期为54±0.9 ppt。Abu Hena等记录孟加拉潮间带自然再生近单优林并按月测林床孔隙水，未给绝对值。Ghazanfar在阿曼28个沿海站位记录该种见于盐度较高的khawr；“>20”没有单位。该证据支持地区/场址限定的天然盐环境关联，不是全种上限。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S03",
                "S04",
                "S05"
              ],
              "claim_type": "project_synthesis"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s06",
          "title": "耐盐研究",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s06-p01",
              "text": "Barhoumi等摘要报告0–1200 mM NaCl、300 mM四个月鲜重最高及1200 mM下存活，但未给足以判断净增长的基线；Naidoo以Beachwood Reserve来源幼株做0.1、0.3和0.5 M NaCl×NH4Cl氮处理3个月，设初始干重基线。茎和根生长总体在0.1 M较高；14 mg N/L氮提升0.1/0.3 M下的茎生长和0.3 M下的根生长，在0.5 M下无显著促进。Patel等在NaCl改良土壤PSU梯度中培养Gujarat繁殖体6个月；出苗随盐度升高而下降，幼苗生长在约7.7–15.4 PSU处理范围较高。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S06",
                "S07",
                "S08"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            },
            {
              "id": "s06-p02",
              "text": "Khan等以commercial sea salt设置50%和150%海水强度；50%促进生长，150%抑制生长，对照、50%和150%处理液EC分别为6、26和85 dS/m。Downton以St Kilda繁殖体培养约8–11个月，10–50%天然海水处理总鲜重和干重较高；无盐组早期快而后期矮化受损，100%海水组健康但矮小。Burchett的两组海水试验中，营养充足并经25%海水驯化的Townsville植株在25%海水下总生长和远端根呼吸较高，盐度更高后下降。后二者均用天然海水而非纯NaCl。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S09",
                "S10",
                "S11"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            },
            {
              "id": "s06-p03",
              "text": "Atia等全文试验以纯NaCl处理红海来源胎生繁殖体15日；300与600 mM均记录新根形成及第15日根/胚轴端点。范围仅限萌发至早期生根苗，非成年株或完整生活史，也不是种级耐盐极限。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S17"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s07",
          "title": "已报道的机制与生态适应",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s07-p01",
              "text": "Atia等报告NaCl和NaHCO₃均降低繁殖体光合活性，根发生/生长可能受此影响；300与600 mM NaCl下最终萌发比例未显著下降。Khan等测量盐诱导渗透调节物积累。盐种、阶段与端点分别报告，不跨研究外推。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S09",
                "S17"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s08",
          "title": "研究结论与资料缺口",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s08-p01",
              "text": "四项研究采用不同盐源、介质和生活阶段：Naidoo等以NaCl和氮素水培幼苗三个月；Patel等以NaCl改良土壤观察六个月幼苗生长；Downton与Burchett分别报告10–50%和25%天然海水处理下的较高生长。Barhoumi等摘要未报告盐前生物量基线，因而300 mM下鲜重较高不能单独证明净生长；Khan等使用商业海盐，处理液EC在对照、50%和150%海水强度下分别为6、26和85 dS/m。各研究的材料、处理和端点不同，不能合并为单一耐盐阈值。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S03",
                "S06",
                "S07",
                "S08",
                "S09",
                "S10",
                "S11",
                "S17"
              ],
              "claim_type": "project_synthesis"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "tolerance_evidence": [
      {
        "id": "M01",
        "source_ids": [
          "S03"
        ],
        "description": {
          "evidence_type": "天然现场盐度观察",
          "material": "澳大利亚Moreton Bay、Noosa River及Exmouth Gulf天然A. marina林分；Giralia测值为降雨前",
          "salt_metric": "天然潮汐水/淡水/海水混合；离子组成未报告，不是纯NaCl",
          "value_and_unit": "Lake Cootharaba 15±0.6；Brisbane River 20±1.2；Lake Cooroibah 36±1.0；Nudgee Creek 34±2.6；Giralia Bay干期 54±0.9；ppt（原表）",
          "medium_and_exposure": "A. marina红树林站位的土壤孔隙水；手持吸取器在30 cm深采集，折射仪测盐度；Table 2各站n=3–4、均值±SE",
          "life_stage": "天然红树林成林",
          "duration": "现场采样；主要站位2010年3–4月，Giralia Bay于2010年8月干期采样",
          "endpoint": "物种对应的根区孔隙水环境盐度，非生长处理或耐受上限",
          "result": "五个天然站位的孔隙水均值为15–54 ppt；Giralia干期54±0.9 ppt。",
          "limitations": "五个站位来自同一研究，数值描述场址和季节环境，不能确定单株阈值或最大耐受值，也不是纯NaCl浓度。"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "M02",
        "source_ids": [
          "S06"
        ],
        "description": {
          "evidence_type": "盐处理实验/摘要记录",
          "material": "Avicennia marina植物；摘要未说明繁殖材料、品系或具体阶段",
          "salt_metric": "NaCl（摘要明确）",
          "value_and_unit": "0、150、300、600、900、1200；mM NaCl",
          "medium_and_exposure": "控制条件处理；完整基质、灌液和根区监测方法未从摘要核见",
          "life_stage": "摘要未说明；不能据此宣称全生活史",
          "duration": "作者报告在暴露2与4个月后评估；300 mM结果明确到4个月",
          "endpoint": "原刊摘要所述鲜重/干重响应与最高档存活；未提供足以定位鲜重净增时间基线的分组原表。",
          "result": "摘要报告300mM NaCl、暴露4个月后鲜重最高，并把报告的“增加”归因于供水充分及较大的光合面积；同时称干重随盐度递增而降低。摘要未说明FW变化是相对基线、2至4个月的增量还是处理间终点比较，因此不能单独证明盐处理期间有新的组织净增长；1200mM仅报告存活，不能称为持续生长。",
          "limitations": "仅取得原刊摘要，完整Methods/Results和原始FW时序/初值未核；摘要的FW“increment”基准不清且可能反映组织含水差异。不能将1200mM存活称为持续生长。"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "M03",
        "source_ids": [
          "S07"
        ],
        "description": {
          "evidence_type": "NaCl与氮素水培幼苗试验",
          "material": "德班Beachwood Nature Reserve采集的A. marina繁殖体育成植株；处理前另收获5株代表植株，建立初始根、茎干重基线。",
          "salt_metric": "NaCl；另有NH4Cl营养水平因子",
          "value_and_unit": "0.1、0.3、0.5；M NaCl（作者原单位；分别为100、300、500 mM）",
          "medium_and_exposure": "不曝气营养液培养；每盆10 L，作NaCl与NH4Cl氮水平析因处理，每两周换液、每日补蒸馏水以补偿蒸散。",
          "life_stage": "由繁殖体育成的幼株；先在河砂/堆肥（4:1）中生长7个月，再于营养液中培养2个月后开始盐处理。",
          "duration": "3个月；设初始和末期收获，生长按干物质变化计算。",
          "endpoint": "NaCl×氮处理下的根、茎生长/干物质、水分状态及离子组成。",
          "result": "总体上0.1 M NaCl下生长较高，较高盐度下下降。添加14 mg N/L使0.1和0.3 M时茎生长增加、0.3 M时根生长增加；0.5 M时无显著影响。",
          "limitations": "这是幼苗水培试验，NaCl与氮供应共同影响结果；不是野外阈值或全生活史响应。"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "M04",
        "source_ids": [
          "S08"
        ],
        "description": {
          "evidence_type": "NaCl改良土壤中的幼苗盐度试验",
          "material": "Gujarat来源A. marina繁殖体/幼苗，用于为期6个月的土壤盐度试验。",
          "salt_metric": "以PSU报告的NaCl改良土壤盐度；不是NaCl溶液摩尔浓度。",
          "value_and_unit": "0.2、2.5、5.1、7.7、10.3、12.6、15.4、17.9、20.5、23.0、25.6和28.2 PSU。",
          "medium_and_exposure": "温室土壤盐度梯度；作者称NaCl加入土壤并维持各盐度",
          "life_stage": "幼苗建立/生长",
          "duration": "温室苗期生长6个月。",
          "endpoint": "土壤盐度梯度下的出苗、幼苗生长和生物量。",
          "result": "土壤盐度升高时出苗下降；中等盐度约7.7–15.4 PSU时幼苗生长和生物量较高，较高处理下下降。",
          "limitations": "作者以PSU报告土壤盐度，不是溶液NaCl摩尔浓度；结果适用于6个月温室幼苗。"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "M05",
        "source_ids": [
          "S09"
        ],
        "description": {
          "evidence_type": "受控商业海盐处理试验",
          "material": "种子繁殖的A. marina；盐处理前在盆中培育20周至幼苗期或约40周至幼树期",
          "salt_metric": "commercial sea salt，混合海盐；非纯NaCl",
          "value_and_unit": "0%、50%、150% SWS（分别为对照、半强度和1.5倍海水盐度）；SWS（海水盐度相对强度）",
          "medium_and_exposure": "沙质盆栽、网室环境；营养液底灌。每天补淡水校正水位，每7天换液；盐度每2天递增25% SWS，12天达到150%后继续4周再收获",
          "life_stage": "幼苗与幼树",
          "duration": "盐处理渐增12天，最高处理达到后4周收获",
          "endpoint": "株高、叶数、叶面积、鲜重及干重的终点比较",
          "result": "50% SWS（中等盐度）促进生长，150% SWS下生长降低；研究直接说明盐源为commercial sea salt。",
          "limitations": "盐源为混合海盐，作者以SWS表示相对海水强度，并在处理前逐步升盐；该试验记录的是终点响应，SWS不能换算为纯NaCl浓度或阈值。"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "M06",
        "source_ids": [
          "S09"
        ],
        "description": {
          "evidence_type": "Khan海盐处理的溶液EC记录",
          "material": "盐处理前培育20周的幼苗或约40周的幼树",
          "salt_metric": "commercial sea salt，混合海盐；非纯NaCl",
          "value_and_unit": "对照6；50% SWS 26；150% SWS 85；dS/m（原文溶液EC）",
          "medium_and_exposure": "同Khan等2016的沙盆底灌；EC对应其0%、50%和150% seawater-strength处理",
          "life_stage": "幼苗与幼树",
          "duration": "渐增12天达最高，最高档后4周收获",
          "endpoint": "不同海水强度盐液EC与植株生长响应",
          "result": "作者把50% SWS定义为26 dS/m的中度盐处理、150% SWS定义为85 dS/m的胁迫处理；控制液EC=6 dS/m，控制液不是零EC。",
          "limitations": "这些EC是混合海盐及营养液体系数值，不能转换成NaCl mM。85 dS/m是高盐处理条件，不代表已证上限或存活极限；eHALOPH未给85值直接reference ID，但Khan原文报告了这一同值处理。"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "M07",
        "source_ids": [
          "S10"
        ],
        "description": {
          "evidence_type": "A. marina繁殖体的天然海水培养试验",
          "material": "南澳St Kilda来源A. marina繁殖体，在营养液中培养。",
          "salt_metric": "天然海水强度；为混合离子，不是纯NaCl。",
          "value_and_unit": "0、10、25、50、75和100%天然海水（原文报告100%海水Na为500 mM、Cl为580 mM）。",
          "medium_and_exposure": "含天然海水的营养液，盆栽培养。",
          "life_stage": "种子/幼苗起始并持续培养",
          "duration": "约8–11个月。",
          "endpoint": "生长及末期鲜重、干重。",
          "result": "10–50%海水处理的总鲜重和干重较高。无盐组早期生长快，随后矮化并出现损伤；100%海水组健康但生长矮小。",
          "limitations": "天然海水是混合盐介质；百分数表示相对海水强度，不换算为纯NaCl摩尔浓度。"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "M08",
        "source_ids": [
          "S11"
        ],
        "description": {
          "evidence_type": "A. marina幼苗与繁殖体的天然海水盐处理试验",
          "material": "两组A. marina幼苗：Sydney野外采集的具2–3对叶幼苗，以及经25%海水驯化并补充营养的Townsville繁殖体。",
          "salt_metric": "天然海水百分比；混合盐处理。",
          "value_and_unit": "0、25、50和100%天然海水。",
          "medium_and_exposure": "分设野外幼苗与营养液培养系列；Townsville植株在最终处理前以25%海水驯化。",
          "life_stage": "幼苗",
          "duration": "最终盐度处理6周；研究报告幼苗培养系列共6–8周。",
          "endpoint": "生长、根茎比、叶片肉质度、渗透势及根系呼吸。",
          "result": "营养充足的Townsville植株在25%海水下总生长和远端根呼吸较高，海水强度更高时下降；叶片肉质度和渗透势的响应趋势不同。",
          "limitations": "试验使用天然混合海水，两组材料的来源、营养和驯化条件不同；结果不是纯NaCl阈值。"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "M09",
        "source_ids": [
          "S17"
        ],
        "description": {
          "evidence_type": "纯NaCl繁殖体—早期生根苗实验",
          "material": "红海Al Birk来源隐胎生繁殖体；每盘15个、3个重复。测末端分离的子叶、胚轴和新生根。",
          "salt_metric": "NaCl（纯NaCl处理；非混合海盐）",
          "value_and_unit": "300；mM NaCl",
          "medium_and_exposure": "塑料盘内3cm泥炭藓/蛭石(3:1)，每盘以1L处理液润湿；覆盖透明膜减少蒸发以维持标称盐度，未实测根区盐度。",
          "life_stage": "繁殖体萌发至15日早期生根苗；根在盐处理开始时尚未出现。",
          "duration": "NaCl处理15日；按日记录生根比例。",
          "endpoint": "生根形成比例（新器官）及第15日胚轴/根干重；不是成年树生长或完整生活史。",
          "result": "第15日生根比例62%，最终萌发率88.9%；胚轴干重0.13±0.03g/plant，新根干重0.05±0.01g/plant。全文称300与600mM下胚轴及根生长未显著受抑，处理期间记录到新根形成；末端干重不是盐前后增量。",
          "limitations": "仅支持红海隐胎生繁殖体在覆盖培养中形成早期生根苗的15日盐处理证据；标称浓度以封膜处理维持，未报告实测根区浓度。表1报告第15日干重，不是基线增量；处理期间逐日记录生根比例，§3.4报告NaCl对根生长无显著影响。没有成年植株、野外持续盐度或完成生活史/繁殖证据。"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "M10",
        "source_ids": [
          "S17"
        ],
        "description": {
          "evidence_type": "纯NaCl繁殖体—早期生根苗实验",
          "material": "红海Al Birk来源隐胎生繁殖体；每盘15个、3个重复。测末端分离的子叶、胚轴和新生根。",
          "salt_metric": "NaCl（纯NaCl处理；非混合海盐）",
          "value_and_unit": "600；mM NaCl",
          "medium_and_exposure": "塑料盘内3cm泥炭藓/蛭石(3:1)，每盘以1L处理液润湿；覆盖透明膜减少蒸发以维持标称盐度，未实测根区盐度。",
          "life_stage": "繁殖体萌发至15日早期生根苗；根在盐处理开始时尚未出现。",
          "duration": "NaCl处理15日；按日记录生根比例。",
          "endpoint": "生根形成比例（新器官）及第15日胚轴/根干重；不是成年树生长或完整生活史。",
          "result": "第15日生根比例62%，最终萌发率84.4%；胚轴干重0.11±0.03g/plant，新根干重0.04±0.01g/plant。作者称NaCl下胚轴及根生长未显著受抑，处理期间形成新根；证据限于该浓度下的早期生根苗，末端干重不是盐前后净增量。",
          "limitations": "证据仅限红海来源隐胎生繁殖体在覆盖培养中形成早期生根苗15日；不等同成年树、长期根区浓度或全生活史耐盐。根区未实测，Table 1末端干重不作为净增量，生长依据为15日新根发生/生根时间序列与作者根生长端点。没有用600mM作为上限或极限。"
        }
      }
    ],
    "database_records": [
      {
        "name_original": "ehaloph",
        "display_name": "eHALOPH",
        "record_id": "12396",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "多字段盐度/生态索引，不是独立测量。300 mM鲜重证据有限、1200 mM仅存活；Naidoo 500 mM生长低于100 mM；Khan 26/85 dS/m为商业海盐；PSU/海水字段不是NaCl极限，A. alba异名注与POWO冲突。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S13"
        ]
      },
      {
        "name_original": "ehaloph",
        "display_name": "eHALOPH",
        "record_id": "11745",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "接受亚种索引；500 mM不外推全种，链接研究未核实整株持续生长端点。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S13"
        ]
      },
      {
        "name_original": "ehaloph",
        "display_name": "eHALOPH",
        "record_id": "12399",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "亚种线索；35.5 PSU和49 g/kg照录，不换算NaCl mM或外推全种。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S13"
        ]
      },
      {
        "name_original": "ehaloph",
        "display_name": "eHALOPH",
        "record_id": "13783",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "接受变种索引；35.5 PSU及叶离子分配研究不证明耐盐上限或NaCl分档。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S13"
        ]
      },
      {
        "name_original": "china_halophyte_catalog",
        "display_name": "中国盐生植物目录",
        "record_id": "CNHP_1319",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "海岸红树林/盐沼与泌盐标签为二级信息；260 mM/26 dS/m来自Khan商业混盐，不是260 mM NaCl或独立原始记录。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S14"
        ]
      },
      {
        "name_original": "mangrovedb",
        "display_name": "MangroveDB",
        "record_id": "mangrovedb:Avicennia_marina_subsp_australasica",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "种下生境简介，无盐度测量或试验。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S15"
        ]
      },
      {
        "name_original": "mangrovedb",
        "display_name": "MangroveDB",
        "record_id": "mangrovedb:Avicennia_marina_subsp_eucalyptifolia",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "分类/形态简介，无盐度数值或耐盐试验。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S15"
        ]
      },
      {
        "name_original": "mangrovedb",
        "display_name": "MangroveDB",
        "record_id": "mangrovedb:Avicennia_marina_subsp_marina",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "河口红树林汇总生境描述；无盐度方法/数值，不是独立现场证据。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S15"
        ]
      },
      {
        "name_original": "mangrovedb",
        "display_name": "MangroveDB",
        "record_id": "mangrovedb:Avicennia_marina_var_rumphiana",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "接受变种生境/形态索引，无盐度量化数据。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S15"
        ]
      },
      {
        "name_original": "sdnu_grhc",
        "display_name": "山东师范大学植物资源库",
        "record_id": "GRHC_E_1314",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "一般红树林/盐沼条目称土壤含盐量>0.6%，基准和方法未知，不能作上限。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S16"
        ]
      },
      {
        "name_original": "sdnu_grhc",
        "display_name": "山东师范大学植物资源库",
        "record_id": "GRHC_H_2053",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "同一门户重复的>0.6%二级说法，与GRHC_E_1314同源，不能计作独立研究。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S16"
        ]
      },
      {
        "name_original": "floraveg",
        "display_name": "FloraVeg",
        "record_id": "baseline_row=375 (unmatched)",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "未匹配基线行、盐/半咸水关系为0；不反驳现场红树林资料。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S18"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "S01",
        "citation_original": "POWO. Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. Plants of the World Online, Kew Science.",
        "url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:861130-1",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "taxonomy",
        "verification_level": "authority_record",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-02"
      },
      {
        "id": "S02",
        "citation_original": "POWO. Avicennia alba Blume. Plants of the World Online, Kew Science.",
        "url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:861116-1",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "taxonomy",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-01"
      },
      {
        "id": "S03",
        "citation_original": "Santini, N.S., Reef, R., Lockington, D.A. & Lovelock, C.E. (2015). The use of fresh and saline water sources by the mangrove Avicennia marina. Hydrobiologia 745(1):59–68. DOI: 10.1007/s10750-014-2091-2.",
        "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269723388_The_use_of_fresh_and_saline_water_sources_by_the_mangrove_Avicennia_marina",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "primary_field",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-01"
      },
      {
        "id": "S04",
        "citation_original": "Abu Hena, M.K., Japar Sidik, B., Idris, M.H., Nesarul, M.H., Aysha, A., Islam, M.S. & Nazmul, H. (2015). Forest structure and litter production of naturally re-generated white mangrove Avicennia marina in sub-tropical estuarine coast. Journal of Environmental Biology 36(5):1199–1204.",
        "url": "https://www.jeb.co.in/journal_issues/201509_sep15/paper_23.pdf",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "primary_field",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-01"
      },
      {
        "id": "S05",
        "citation_original": "Ghazanfar, S.A. (1999). Coastal vegetation of Oman. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 49(Supplement A):21–27. DOI: 10.1016/S0272-7714(99)80004-3.",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(99)80004-3",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "primary_field",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-01"
      },
      {
        "id": "S06",
        "citation_original": "Barhoumi, Z., Hussain, A.A. & Atia, A. (2021). Physiological Response of Avicennia marina to Salinity and Recovery. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 68(4):696–707. DOI: 10.1134/S1021443721040026.",
        "url": "https://www.pleiades.online/cgi-perl/search.pl?name=plntphys&number=4&page=696&type=abstract&year=21",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "primary_experiment",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-01"
      },
      {
        "id": "S07",
        "citation_original": "Naidoo, G. (1987). Effects of salinity and nitrogen on growth and water relations in the mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. New Phytologist 107(2):317–325. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00183.x.",
        "url": "https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00183.x",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "primary_experiment",
        "verification_level": "local_original",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-04"
      },
      {
        "id": "S08",
        "citation_original": "Patel, N.T., Gupta, A. & Pandey, A.N. (2010). Salinity tolerance of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. from Gujarat coasts of India. Aquatic Botany 93(1):9–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2010.02.002.",
        "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304377010000203",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "primary_experiment",
        "verification_level": "local_original",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-04"
      },
      {
        "id": "S09",
        "citation_original": "Khan, F., Adnan, M.Y. & Aziz, I. (2016). Metabolic implications of salt induced osmolyte accumulation in Avicennia marina. Pakistan Journal of Botany 48(1):29–36.",
        "url": "https://www.halophyte.org/pdfs/drkhan_pdfs/2016%201.pdf",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "primary_experiment",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-01"
      },
      {
        "id": "S10",
        "citation_original": "Downton, W.J.S. (1982). Growth and osmotic relations of the mangrove Avicennia marina, as influenced by salinity. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 9(5):519–528. DOI: 10.1071/PP9820519.",
        "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262994475_Growth_and_Osmotic_Relations_of_the_Mangrove_Avicennia_marina_as_Influenced_by_Salinity",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "primary_experiment",
        "verification_level": "local_original",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-04"
      },
      {
        "id": "S11",
        "citation_original": "Burchett, M.D., Field, C.D. & Pulkownik, A. (1984). Salinity, growth and root respiration in the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina. Physiologia Plantarum 60(2):113–118. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb04549.x.",
        "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227975170_Salinity_growth_and_root_respiration_in_the_grey_mangrove_Avicennia_marina",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "primary_experiment",
        "verification_level": "local_original",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-04"
      },
      {
        "id": "S12",
        "citation_original": "Cram, W.J., Torr, P.G. & Rose, D.A. (2002). Salt allocation during leaf development and leaf fall in mangroves. Trees 16(2–3):112–119.",
        "url": "https://ehaloph.uc.pt/reference_view/1569",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "primary_experiment",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-01"
      },
      {
        "id": "S13",
        "citation_original": "eHALOPH. Avicennia marina species and infraspecific entries, record IDs 12396, 11745, 12399, 13783.",
        "url": "https://ehaloph.uc.pt/showplant/12396",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "database",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-01"
      },
      {
        "id": "S14",
        "citation_original": "China Halophyte Catalogue 2025, entry CNHP_1319. Article DOI 10.17520/biods.2025030; dataset DOI 10.57760/sciencedb.j00152.00028.",
        "url": "https://www.biodiversity-science.net/fileup/1005-0094/DATA/2025030.zip",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "database",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-01"
      },
      {
        "id": "S15",
        "citation_original": "MangroveDB. Avicennia marina infraspecific entries (four taxon IDs).",
        "url": "https://jasonxu.shinyapps.io/MangroveDB/",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "database",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-01"
      },
      {
        "id": "S16",
        "citation_original": "山东师范大学生命科学学院植物资源库，海榄雌条目GRHC_E_1314及GRHC_H_2053。",
        "url": "http://www.grhc.sdnu.edu.cn/info/1008/1314.htm",
        "additional_urls": [
          "http://www.grhc.sdnu.edu.cn/info/1066/2053.htm"
        ],
        "source_kind": "database",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-01"
      },
      {
        "id": "S17",
        "citation_original": "Atia, A., Hussain, A.A. & Zouhaier, B. (2022). Germination and Photosynthetic Responses to Salinity and Alkalinity in Avicenna marina Propagules. Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 91(5):1015–1026. DOI: 10.32604/phyton.2022.017778.",
        "url": "https://www.techscience.com/phyton/v91n5/46599/html",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "primary_experiment",
        "verification_level": "full_text",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-03"
      },
      {
        "id": "S18",
        "citation_original": "FloraVeg local baseline candidate row for Avicennia marina, baseline_row=375 (unmatched).",
        "url": "https://floraveg.eu/",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "database",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-01"
      }
    ]
  }
}