{
  "release_id": "thrive-v1-9d751b6f6d1787853e7f8e31",
  "flora_id": 7,
  "display_name": "苘麻",
  "scientific_name": "Abutilon theophrasti",
  "document": {
    "schema_version": "flora-language-separated-v0.3",
    "language": "zh",
    "id": 7,
    "taxonomy": {
      "original_scientific_name": "Abutilon theophrasti",
      "accepted_name": "Abutilon theophrasti Medik.",
      "family": "Malvaceae",
      "genus": "Abutilon"
    },
    "display_name": "苘麻",
    "family_display": "锦葵科",
    "genus_display": "苘麻属",
    "description": {
      "summary": "苘麻的盐分资料包括种子萌发试验和意大利Po河三角洲盐化农田中的自生记录；田间结果反映当地杂草分布，萌发结果则限于种子阶段。",
      "sections": [
        {
          "id": "s01",
          "title": "概述",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s01-p01",
              "text": "苘麻既有种子萌发盐处理，也有意大利Po河三角洲盐化农田的自生记录。后者描述当地杂草群落，不能概括所有种群的生理耐盐性。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S1",
                "S2",
                "S3",
                "S5"
              ],
              "claim_type": "project_synthesis"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s02",
          "title": "名称与分类",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s02-p01",
              "text": "接受名为苘麻（Abutilon theophrasti Medik.），按种级处理。除种子盐胁迫研究外，Nikolić等（2025）还在意大利Po河三角洲三块大豆或玉米田记录到自然自生的苘麻；这一自然定殖记录仅适用于该地区、该季节和盐化农田群落，不宜推广至所有种群。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S1",
                "S2",
                "S3",
                "S5",
                "S6"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s03",
          "title": "形态与鉴别",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s03-p01",
              "text": "一年生直立草本，茎叶密被柔毛；叶大、心形、长柄，触感显著柔软，花小而黄，果实为具钩状突起的分裂蒴果。心形绒毛叶是常见识别特征，但植株大小受生境影响。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S1",
                "S2"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s04",
          "title": "分布、生境与物候",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s04-p01",
              "text": "常见区域杂草资料记录农田、路旁和荒地。Nikolić等2025明确调查作者未播种、自然自生的杂草群落；苘麻在Po河三角洲三块农田均出现，覆盖低、中、高土壤EC类别，在部分高盐区密度较高。现场EC为土:水1:2.5（w/w）提取后空间插值，不是逐株根际测量；资料因此支持区域盐化农田中的自然定殖，但不证明本种普遍专性盐生。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S1",
                "S2",
                "S5",
                "S6"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            },
            {
              "id": "s04-p02",
              "text": "现有资料没有一致、可靠的开花或结果季节记录；单一地区或园艺材料不足以概括本种物候。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S6"
              ],
              "claim_type": "evidence_gap"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s05",
          "title": "自然生境盐分关联",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s05-p01",
              "text": "Po河三角洲三块农田的自生苘麻出现在≤2、2–4和>4 dS/m三个土壤EC类别中；部分高EC区域的图斑密度较高。这是一次盐化农田的空间调查，不是自然盐沼调查。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S1",
                "S2",
                "S5"
              ],
              "claim_type": "project_synthesis"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s06",
          "title": "耐盐研究",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s06-p01",
              "text": "Xiong等用杂草种源的苘麻种子进行NaCl萌发试验：种子置于90 mm培养皿的双层滤纸上，每皿加4 mL去离子水或处理液并密封，在40/30°C昼夜交替、14小时光照（约150 µmol m−2 s−1）下培养10天。萌发率随盐浓度上升而下降，100 mM时约0.5%，150 mM及以上未萌发。该结果仅反映种子阶段和所测种源。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S3"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            },
            {
              "id": "s06-p02",
              "text": "BiosalineDB转录张秀玲（2008）的描述称，NaCl≤50 mmol/L可能促进苘麻种子萌发，≥200 mmol/L时明显抑制。该数据库条目未列介质、种源和处理时长，因此此处只转述萌发方向，不与Xiong等试验合并为统一阈值，也不作为持续生长证据。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S4"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            },
            {
              "id": "s06-p03",
              "text": "Nikolić等在意大利Po河三角洲三块农田调查自生苘麻，并按土壤EC将样地分为≤2、2–4和>4 dS/m类别。土样以土:蒸馏水1:2.5（w/w）提取，振荡24小时后测EC并作GIS空间插值；作者于2022年7月12日和8月9日进行无人机调查，第二次密度分析沿用首次盐度分区。三块田和三个EC类别中均记录到本种，部分>4 dS/m区域图斑密度较高。这是局地空间关联，不是操控生长试验或逐株根际测量；土样深度未报告，EC也不能换算为NaCl浓度或个体生理极限。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S5"
              ],
              "claim_type": "source_fact"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s07",
          "title": "已报道机制与生态适应",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s07-p01",
              "text": "研究端点集中于种子萌发/出苗及盐化农田中的杂草分布；这些数据不揭示成株的离子稳态或全生活史耐盐机制。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S1",
                "S2",
                "S3",
                "S5"
              ],
              "claim_type": "project_synthesis"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "s08",
          "title": "研究结论与资料缺口",
          "paragraphs": [
            {
              "id": "s08-p01",
              "text": "现有资料分别支持种子阶段的盐胁迫响应和Po河三角洲农田中的自生分布。田间EC来自1:2.5土水提取与空间插值，第二次无人机调查沿用首次盐度分区；它说明局地分布关联，不给出逐株根区值或整株耐盐阈值。",
              "source_ids": [
                "S1",
                "S2",
                "S3",
                "S4",
                "S5"
              ],
              "claim_type": "project_synthesis"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "tolerance_evidence": [
      {
        "id": "M01",
        "source_ids": [
          "S3"
        ],
        "description": {
          "evidence_type": "盐处理种子萌发试验",
          "material": "Abutilon theophrasti 种子；研究种源为杂草种子",
          "salt_metric": "NaCl",
          "value_and_unit": "100（萌发率约0.5%）；≥150（无萌发） mM NaCl",
          "medium_and_exposure": "90mm培养皿内铺两层Whatman No.1滤纸，加入4mL去离子水或处理液并密封；培养箱设40/30°C交替日/夜温度和14h光周期（白光约150µmol m−2 s−1）。",
          "life_stage": "种子萌发",
          "duration": "10天",
          "endpoint": "萌发率",
          "result": "Figure 6显示NaCl升高时萌发下降：100mM时约0.5%，≥150mM时无萌发。",
          "limitations": "萌发率反映种子阶段，不代表已建立幼苗或成株生长；结果适用于所测杂草种源。"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "M02",
        "source_ids": [
          "S4"
        ],
        "description": {
          "evidence_type": "BiosalineDB转录中国文献的种子萌发盐度摘要字段",
          "material": "苘麻种子；数据库条目未说明具体种源。",
          "salt_metric": "NaCl",
          "value_and_unit": "≤50促进、≥200明显抑制（数据库文字） mmol/L NaCl",
          "medium_and_exposure": "未知；BiosalineDB转录中国文献描述",
          "life_stage": "种子萌发",
          "duration": "未知",
          "endpoint": "数据库摘要描述萌发方向",
          "result": "BiosalineDB引用张秀玲（2008）称≤50 mmol/L NaCl可能促进种子萌发、≥200 mmol/L抑制萌发。该种子响应来自与Xiong等（2018）不同的研究，未定义共同的剂量阈值。",
          "limitations": "数据库转述的是种子萌发响应；条目未列原研究的具体种源、介质和时长，且不代表持续植株生长。"
        }
      },
      {
        "id": "M03",
        "source_ids": [
          "S5"
        ],
        "description": {
          "evidence_type": "Po河三角洲农田杂草密度与土壤EC类别的野外遥感对应调查",
          "material": "Po河三角洲三块农田中自然自生的Abutilon theophrasti杂草；非作者播种或控制处理",
          "salt_metric": "混合/未逐离子分型的土壤可溶盐",
          "value_and_unit": "EC ≤2、2–4、>4 dS/m（分类阈值；土水提取液EC）",
          "medium_and_exposure": "田间土:蒸馏水1:2.5（w/w）提取，24h振荡测EC后GIS空间插值；非ECe",
          "life_stage": "田间杂草植株；具体龄级未记录",
          "duration": "2022年7月12日及8月9日两次UAV调查；第二次密度沿用首次盐度分区",
          "endpoint": "无人机图斑密度与空间EC类别叠加；非操控性生长试验",
          "result": "Nikolić等在三块田和三个EC类别均记录到本种，部分>4dS/m区域密度较高；这是空间对应关系，不是处理试验。",
          "limitations": "EC来自1:2.5土水提取和空间插值，未按单株根区采样；土样深度未报告，第二次调查沿用首次盐度分区。"
        }
      }
    ],
    "database_records": [
      {
        "name_original": "china_halophyte_catalog",
        "display_name": "China Halophyte Catalogue",
        "record_id": "CNHP_0726",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "种级编目；列“新盐生植物”，生境水边沙土地、荒地或田野；“未知，100 mM（推测值）”。条目明确 100mM 为推测；“根据野外调查增补”未给方法/盐值原引文。可解释入库来源及标签；不能把估算盐度当实测，也无自然盐生专性证据。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S1"
        ]
      },
      {
        "name_original": "biosalinedb",
        "display_name": "BiosalineDB",
        "record_id": "3631",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "support_scope": "BiosalineDB将苘麻列为路旁、荒地和田野常见杂草，并转述张秀玲（2008）报告≤50 mmol/L NaCl可能促进种子萌发、≥200 mmol/L明显抑制。该种子端点不同于Xiong等（2018）的另一研究；数据库未列种子材料、培养介质和处理时长。“沿海植物”是页面分类，不等同自然滨海盐渍根区。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S4",
          "S2"
        ]
      },
      {
        "name_original": "floraveg",
        "display_name": "FloraVeg.EU",
        "record_id": "baseline row 7",
        "verification_level": "local_original",
        "support_scope": "欧洲区域生态匹配；盐分指示值0.4，EUNIS盐/半咸生境关联数0。欧洲区域生态数据库指标，不涵盖全球分布。不提供自然盐生正证；低值仅作欧洲生态线索，不据此全球排除。",
        "source_ids": [
          "S7",
          "S8"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "S1",
        "citation_original": "中国盐生植物编目，CNHP_0726",
        "url": "https://www.biodiversity-science.net/fileup/1005-0094/DATA/2025030.zip",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "database",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-29"
      },
      {
        "id": "S2",
        "citation_original": "BiosalineDB species record 3631, Abutilon theophrasti",
        "url": "https://db.cngb.org/biosaline/coastal_plants/?id=3631&lvl=species",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "database",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-29"
      },
      {
        "id": "S3",
        "citation_original": "Xiong et al. 2018. Effects of environmental factors on seed germination and emergence of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Planta Daninha 36:e0182352. DOI:10.1590/S0100-83582018360100122",
        "url": "https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ba71/02d6ea9d29b70a636526a9e72c8f6d37165c.pdf",
        "additional_urls": [
          "https://www.scielo.br/j/pd/a/JCNPkHdtB97568KxpS84Pxz/?lang=en"
        ],
        "source_kind": "primary_experiment",
        "verification_level": "full_text",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-03"
      },
      {
        "id": "S4",
        "citation_original": "张秀玲. 2008. 不同盐胁迫对苘麻种子萌发的影响. 江苏农业科学 1:35–37（BiosalineDB所列）",
        "url": "https://db.cngb.org/biosaline/coastal_plants/?id=3631&lvl=species",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "database",
        "verification_level": "archived_synthesis",
        "checked_at": "2026-09-29"
      },
      {
        "id": "S5",
        "citation_original": "Nikolić, N., Cucchiaro, S., Straffelini, E., Tarolli, P. & Masin, R. (2025). Remote sensing assessment of the weed adaptability to soil salinization induced by extreme droughts on coastal agriculture. iScience 28(5):112410. DOI:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112410.",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.112410",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "primary_field",
        "verification_level": "full_text",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-03"
      },
      {
        "id": "S6",
        "citation_original": "Plants of the World Online (POWO), Kew Science. Abutilon theophrasti Medik.",
        "url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1044174-2",
        "additional_urls": [],
        "source_kind": "taxonomic_authority",
        "verification_level": "authority_record",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-02"
      },
      {
        "id": "S7",
        "citation_original": "FloraVeg.EU / Chytrý et al. (2020), EUNIS-ESy characteristic-species combinations, version 2021-06-01. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.4812736.",
        "url": "https://files.ibot.cas.cz/cevs/downloads/floraveg/Characteristic-species-combinations-EUNIS-habitats-2021-06-01.xlsx",
        "additional_urls": [
          "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4812736"
        ],
        "source_kind": "database",
        "verification_level": "local_original",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-02"
      },
      {
        "id": "S8",
        "citation_original": "Tichý et al. (2023), Ellenberg-type indicator values for European plants, FloraVeg.EU release v2.0. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.7427088.",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7427088",
        "additional_urls": [
          "https://zenodo.org/api/records/7427088/files/Indicator.values-tables-2022-11-07-Zenodo.v2.xlsx/content"
        ],
        "source_kind": "database",
        "verification_level": "local_original",
        "checked_at": "2026-10-02"
      }
    ]
  }
}