[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":259},["ShallowReactive",2],{"flora-21-en":3},{"release_id":4,"flora_id":5,"display_name":6,"scientific_name":6,"document":7},"thrive-v1-9d751b6f6d1787853e7f8e31",21,"Acanthus ebracteatus",{"schema_version":8,"language":9,"id":5,"taxonomy":10,"display_name":6,"family_display":12,"genus_display":13,"description":14,"tolerance_evidence":116,"database_records":183,"sources":211},"flora-language-separated-v0.3","en",{"original_scientific_name":6,"accepted_name":11,"family":12,"genus":13},"Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl","Acanthaceae","Acanthus",{"summary":15,"sections":16},"Natural populations of Acanthus ebracteatus are documented in mangroves, and greenhouse seedlings have been tested under artificial tidal exposure; seed-germination data are also available. The artificial-sea-salt trial is retained on its reported ‰ scale.",[17,29,44,52,66,74,100,108],{"id":18,"title":19,"paragraphs":20},"s01","Overview",[21],{"id":22,"text":23,"source_ids":24,"claim_type":28},"s01-p01","Natural populations of Acanthus ebracteatus are documented in mangroves. Separate studies tested seed germination and greenhouse seedlings under artificial tidal exposure, measuring germination, survival and growth.",[25,26,27],"S1","S3","S7","project_synthesis",{"id":30,"title":31,"paragraphs":32},"s02","Names and classification",[33,40],{"id":34,"text":35,"source_ids":36,"claim_type":39},"s02-p01","Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. Feng et al. (2024) retained it as a distinct species using morphology, ploidy, and molecular evidence, distinguishing it from A. ilicifolius and the newly described A. tetraploideus. Older var. xiamenensis labels and experiments under the former broad A. ilicifolius concept are not automatically transferred here.",[25,37,27,38],"S2","S8","source_fact",{"id":41,"text":42,"source_ids":43,"claim_type":28},"s02-p02","The 2024 revision distinguishes A. ebracteatus, A. ilicifolius, and A. tetraploideus using morphology, ploidy, and molecular evidence. Older var. xiamenensis records are not automatically included.",[25,37,27,38],{"id":45,"title":46,"paragraphs":47},"s03","Morphology and identification",[48],{"id":49,"text":50,"source_ids":51,"claim_type":39},"s03-p01","A mangrove shrub with thick, spiny-toothed leaves, terminal inflorescences and capsule fruit; Flora of China describes the corolla as white, with blue or purplish variation. The 2024 taxonomic study distinguishes it from A. ilicifolius and A. tetraploideus using morphology, ploidy and molecular evidence. An old variety label is not a substitute for voucher-based identification.",[25,37,27],{"id":53,"title":54,"paragraphs":55},"s04","Distribution, habitat and phenology",[56,60],{"id":57,"text":58,"source_ids":59,"claim_type":39},"s04-p01","Flora of China describes the species from mangrove swamps. Feng et al. (2024) list modern mangrove collections in China and Southeast Asia, including Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve in Singapore. Ragavan et al. (2015) report wild populations at Sippighat and Shoal Bay Creek in South Andaman, with vouchers PBL30969 and PBL30970, in landward mangrove zones near the high-tide line and in the forest understory.",[25,37,27,38],{"id":61,"text":62,"source_ids":63,"claim_type":65},"s04-p02","The A. ebracteatus entry in Flora of China, volume 19, page 379, gives flowering in April–May and fruiting in August–September. The following A. ilicifolius entry lists A. ebracteatus var. xiamenensis as a synonym and gives flowering in February–March and fruiting in August–September; that record belongs to the adjacent species, not A. ebracteatus. CNHP_1321 separately summarizes flowering and fruiting as spring–summer; this is a catalogue transcription and does not establish month-level dates or a uniform calendar across regions.",[25,64],"S5","evidence_gap",{"id":67,"title":68,"paragraphs":69},"s05","Salinity in natural habitats",[70],{"id":71,"text":72,"source_ids":73,"claim_type":28},"s05-p01","Several independent surveys record A. ebracteatus in mangroves in Southeast Asia and the Andaman Islands, supporting its occurrence in intertidal mangrove habitat. These population records do not measure salinity in the soil around this species.",[25,27],{"id":75,"title":76,"paragraphs":77},"s06","Salinity studies",[78,82,86,91,95],{"id":79,"text":80,"source_ids":81,"claim_type":39},"s06-p01","Tong et al. collected seed from wild parent plants on Bailong Peninsula, Guangxi, in July 2023 and raised seedlings in freshwater for three months before transfer to peat pots (initial height 12.98±0.75 cm). In artificial tidal boxes, seedlings received artificial seawater made with commercial sea salt at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or 35‰; salt composition and purity were not reported. Water fully covered seedlings for 4 h\u002Fday, and freshwater or sea salt was added daily to maintain water level and salinity. The trial ran from October to December 2023, with exact duration unreported. Survival was 100% with better growth and root mass at 0–15‰, 87.5% with reduced growth at 20‰, and mortality at ≥30‰; basal diameter did not differ significantly among salinity treatments. These are artificial-seawater values in ‰, not pure NaCl; substrate ECe was not measured, so the result applies to the greenhouse seedling tidal simulation.",[26],{"id":83,"text":84,"source_ids":85,"claim_type":39},"s06-p02","Tong et al. also tested seeds from a wild Guangxi population in artificial seawater made with commercial sea salt at 0, 5, 10, 15, 25 and 35‰. Seeds were soaked for 24 h, then germinated on filter paper with same-salinity solution added daily for seven days. Germination exceeded 90% at ≤15‰ and was markedly inhibited at ≥25‰. This is a seed-germination result, not a test of long-term plant growth; the original ‰ unit is not converted to PSU.",[26],{"id":87,"text":88,"source_ids":89,"claim_type":39},"s06-p03","The species-level eHALOPH record lists a maximum salinity of 35.5 PSU, but its linked material provides no checkable treatment medium or endpoint. This database value is reported separately from the artificial-sea-salt trials given in ‰.",[90],"S4",{"id":92,"text":93,"source_ids":94,"claim_type":39},"s06-p04","Species-level China Halophyte Catalogue entry CNHP_1321 lists 500 mM in a field labelled seawater salinity and attributes the value to a database. It gives no salt identity, measurement metric, material, medium or exposure duration. The unit may have been misapplied; the value is not a measured tolerance concentration and cannot be interpreted as 500 mM NaCl or equated with 35.5 PSU.",[64],{"id":96,"text":97,"source_ids":98,"claim_type":39},"s06-p05","The GRHC species entry for A. ebracteatus describes beach mangroves and reports soil salinity above 0.6%, but gives no salt identity, percentage basis, sample, measurement method or time scale. The same page separately describes A. ebracteatus var. xiamenensis; that account is not transferred to the species. The percentage cannot be converted to EC, PSU or NaCl concentration.",[99],"S6",{"id":101,"title":102,"paragraphs":103},"s07","Reported mechanisms and ecological adaptations",[104],{"id":105,"text":106,"source_ids":107,"claim_type":28},"s07-p01","The greenhouse seedling trial measured survival and growth under artificial tidal treatments; a separate filter-paper assay measured seed germination and timing, using a different life stage and setup. No single molecular mechanism was established, and the artificial seawater was not resolved as pure NaCl.",[25,26,27],{"id":109,"title":110,"paragraphs":111},"s08","Conclusions and evidence gaps",[112],{"id":113,"text":114,"source_ids":115,"claim_type":28},"s08-p01","Natural mangrove records support an intertidal habitat. Quantitative records comprise filter-paper seed germination, a 2023 greenhouse seedling trial with 4 h of tidal submergence per day, and database fields of 35.5 PSU, 500 mM “seawater salinity” and >0.6% soil salt. The artificial-sea-salt trial did not measure substrate ECe, and the salt composition was not reported; the database fields are not linked to specific experiments.",[25,37,26,90,64,99],[117,131,145,158,170],{"id":118,"source_ids":119,"description":120},"M01",[26],{"evidence_type":121,"material":122,"salt_metric":123,"value_and_unit":124,"medium_and_exposure":125,"life_stage":126,"duration":127,"endpoint":128,"result":129,"limitations":130},"Artificial-tidal-box seedling growth and survival trial using commercial sea salt","Seeds collected from wild parent plants on Bailong Peninsula, Guangxi, in July 2023; seedlings raised in freshwater for three months; initial height 12.98±0.75 cm","Artificial seawater prepared with commercial sea salt; composition and purity unspecified, not identified as pure NaCl","0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35‰ (original salinity unit)","Peat pots in artificial tidal boxes; water fully covered seedlings for 4 h\u002Fday; freshwater or sea salt was added daily to maintain water level and salinity, not continuous 24-h submergence","Seedlings","October–December 2023; exact number of days not reported","Survival, height, basal diameter, leaf number and area, and root and shoot dry mass","100% survival with better growth\u002Froot mass at 0–15‰, 87.5% survival and reduced growth at 20‰, and mortality at 30‰ or higher. Basal diameter did not differ significantly among salinity treatments.","The treatment used artificial-seawater ‰, not NaCl concentration. Salinity was maintained daily, but substrate ECe was not measured. The result is limited to greenhouse seedlings under this tidal simulation.",{"id":132,"source_ids":133,"description":134},"M02",[26],{"evidence_type":135,"material":136,"salt_metric":137,"value_and_unit":138,"medium_and_exposure":139,"life_stage":140,"duration":141,"endpoint":142,"result":143,"limitations":144},"Artificial-seawater seed-germination trial using seeds from a wild Guangxi population","Seeds from a wild Guangxi population; uniformly sized, plump, manually dehulled seeds","Artificial seawater made with commercial sea salt; composition and purity unspecified, not identified as pure NaCl","0, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 35‰ artificial seawater","Seeds soaked for 24 h, then germinated on filter paper; same-salinity solution added daily","Germinating seeds","24-h pre-soak plus seven days of germination","Germination percentage and timing",">90% germination at up to 15‰ and marked inhibition at 25‰ or above; this is a seed-stage result.","This endpoint does not establish long-term plant growth. The original ‰ unit is retained and is not converted to PSU.",{"id":146,"source_ids":147,"description":148},"M03",[90],{"evidence_type":149,"material":150,"salt_metric":151,"value_and_unit":152,"medium_and_exposure":153,"life_stage":154,"duration":154,"endpoint":155,"result":156,"limitations":157},"eHALOPH species maximum-PSU field","Species-level eHALOPH record for A. ebracteatus","Seawater salt mixture; field basis unspecified","35.5 PSU (database value)","Database maximum-salinity entry; test medium and endpoint not identified","Unspecified","Database maximum-salinity field","eHALOPH lists 35.5 PSU; the linked material does not provide a verified measurement method. This value is retained separately from artificial-seawater trials reported in ‰.","PSU is not interconverted here with ‰, NaCl molarity, or EC.",{"id":159,"source_ids":160,"description":161},"M04",[64],{"evidence_type":162,"material":163,"salt_metric":164,"value_and_unit":165,"medium_and_exposure":166,"life_stage":154,"duration":154,"endpoint":167,"result":168,"limitations":169},"China Halophyte Catalogue field labelled “seawater salinity”","CNHP_1321 species-level catalogue entry","Unspecified; the catalogue labels the field “seawater salinity” but does not specify the salt or measurement metric.","500 mM (catalogue value as reported)","Database-transcribed seawater-salinity value","Catalogue maximum-salinity field","The catalogue lists 500 mM as “seawater salinity” and attributes the value to a database; the unit may be misapplied, so it is not a measured tolerance result.","It must not be treated as 500 mM NaCl or equated with 35.5 PSU.",{"id":171,"source_ids":172,"description":173},"M05",[99],{"evidence_type":174,"material":175,"salt_metric":176,"value_and_unit":177,"medium_and_exposure":178,"life_stage":179,"duration":154,"endpoint":180,"result":181,"limitations":182},"GRHC secondary species-level soil-salinity field","Species-level A. ebracteatus entry; the same page separately discusses var. xiamenensis","Soil salts; salt identity unknown",">0.6% soil salinity (basis unspecified)","Secondary GRHC record; soil extraction method not given","Habitat or adult plant; not specified","Reported soil-salinity field","The record reports >0.6% without an extraction or measurement method; it cannot be converted to EC, PSU, or NaCl molarity.","The adjacent variety passage is not transferred as species-level data.",[184,191,198,204],{"name_original":185,"display_name":186,"record_id":187,"verification_level":188,"support_scope":189,"source_ids":190},"ehaloph","eHALOPH","11937","archived_synthesis","The species-level eHALOPH entry labels the plant plant_type=hydrohalophyte and lists maximum salinity as 35.5 PSU, with links to mangrove reviews and taxonomy sources including Van Steenis (1962) and Wells (1983). Those cited sources do not specify experimental medium, material or endpoint for 35.5 PSU; the value is a database field, not an NaCl treatment or sustained-growth threshold.",[90],{"name_original":192,"display_name":193,"record_id":194,"verification_level":195,"support_scope":196,"source_ids":197},"china_halophyte_catalog","China Halophyte Catalog","CNHP_1321","local_original","China Halophyte Catalogue entry is species-level; its adjacent var. xiamenensis entry is not automatically merged. It lists beach mangrove habitat, salt-excreting ecology, and maximum salinity 500 mM (‘seawater salinity’) with the value attributed to a database. The mM seawater field is dimensionally suspect and no NaCl experiment supports it; it is retained only as a secondary transcription.",[64],{"name_original":199,"display_name":200,"record_id":201,"verification_level":188,"support_scope":202,"source_ids":203},"sdnu_grhc","SDNU GRHC","GRHC_H_2080","The SDNU GRHC entry contains an A. ebracteatus species-level passage and a separate var. xiamenensis passage. The species-level section describes beach mangroves and soil salinity above 0.6%, but gives no primary measurement method. This supports habitat context only; the percentage is retained without conversion and the variety value is not transferred.",[99],{"name_original":205,"display_name":206,"record_id":207,"verification_level":195,"support_scope":208,"source_ids":209},"floraveg","FloraVeg.EU","unmatched row 21","No FloraVeg match was made; no saline EUNIS association is recorded. This does not establish absence from salt habitats globally.",[210],"S9",[212,219,225,230,235,239,243,247,254],{"id":25,"citation_original":213,"url":214,"additional_urls":215,"source_kind":216,"verification_level":217,"checked_at":218},"Flora of China 19, Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.efloras.org\u002Fflorataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200022447",[],"authoritative_flora","full_text","2026-10-03",{"id":37,"citation_original":220,"url":221,"additional_urls":222,"source_kind":223,"verification_level":188,"checked_at":224},"Feng H, Banerjee AK, Guo W, Yuan Y, Duan F, Ng WL, Zhao X, Liu Y, Li C, Liu Y, Li L, Huang Y. 2024. Origin and evolution of a new tetraploid mangrove species in an intertidal zone. Plant Diversity 46(4):476–490. DOI:10.1016\u002Fj.pld.2024.04.007","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC11390703\u002F",[],"primary_field","2026-09-29",{"id":26,"citation_original":226,"url":227,"additional_urls":228,"source_kind":229,"verification_level":217,"checked_at":218},"Tong L, Gao T, Yan B, Liu W. 2026. Effects of water and salt stress on seed germination and seedling growth of Acanthus ebracteatus. Frontiers in Plant Science 17:1851398. DOI:10.3389\u002Ffpls.2026.1851398","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2026.1851398",[],"primary_experiment",{"id":90,"citation_original":231,"url":232,"additional_urls":233,"source_kind":234,"verification_level":188,"checked_at":224},"eHALOPH species record 11937","https:\u002F\u002Fehaloph.uc.pt\u002Fshowplant\u002F11937",[],"database",{"id":64,"citation_original":236,"url":237,"additional_urls":238,"source_kind":234,"verification_level":195,"checked_at":218},"中国盐生植物名录 CNHP_1321","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.biodiversity-science.net\u002Ffileup\u002F1005-0094\u002FDATA\u002F2025030.zip",[],{"id":99,"citation_original":240,"url":241,"additional_urls":242,"source_kind":234,"verification_level":188,"checked_at":224},"山东师范大学GRHC盐生植物记录 GRHC_H_2080","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.grhc.sdnu.edu.cn\u002Finfo\u002F1066\u002F2080.htm",[],{"id":27,"citation_original":244,"url":245,"additional_urls":246,"source_kind":223,"verification_level":188,"checked_at":224},"Ragavan P, Saxena A, Mohan PM, Jayaraj RSC, Ravichandran K. 2015. Taxonomy and distribution of species of the genus Acanthus (Acanthaceae) in mangroves of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Biodiversitas 16(2):225–237. DOI:10.13057\u002Fbiodiv\u002Fd160218","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.13057\u002Fbiodiv\u002Fd160218",[],{"id":38,"citation_original":248,"url":249,"additional_urls":250,"source_kind":251,"verification_level":252,"checked_at":253},"Plants of the World Online (POWO), Kew Science. Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl.","https:\u002F\u002Fpowo.science.kew.org\u002Ftaxon\u002Furn:lsid:ipni.org:names:44857-1",[],"taxonomic_authority","authority_record","2026-10-02",{"id":210,"citation_original":255,"url":256,"additional_urls":257,"source_kind":234,"verification_level":195,"checked_at":253},"FloraVeg.EU \u002F Chytrý et al. (2020), EUNIS-ESy characteristic-species combinations, version 2021-06-01. DOI:10.5281\u002Fzenodo.4812736.","https:\u002F\u002Ffiles.ibot.cas.cz\u002Fcevs\u002Fdownloads\u002Ffloraveg\u002FCharacteristic-species-combinations-EUNIS-habitats-2021-06-01.xlsx",[258],"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5281\u002Fzenodo.4812736",1792838238245]