[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":151},["ShallowReactive",2],{"flora-23-en":3},{"release_id":4,"flora_id":5,"display_name":6,"scientific_name":6,"document":7},"thrive-v1-9d751b6f6d1787853e7f8e31",23,"Acanthus volubilis",{"schema_version":8,"language":9,"id":5,"taxonomy":10,"display_name":6,"family_display":12,"genus_display":13,"description":14,"tolerance_evidence":97,"database_records":98,"sources":114},"flora-language-separated-v0.3","en",{"original_scientific_name":6,"accepted_name":11,"family":12,"genus":13},"Acanthus volubilis Wall.","Acanthaceae","Acanthus",{"summary":15,"sections":16},"Voucher-backed collections and regional floras record Acanthus volubilis as a mangrove plant. South Andaman records place it near the high-tide line and give flowering in March–April and fruiting in May–June; a 2024 Singapore survey lists 15 field collections. No quantitative salt treatment or population root-zone salinity data are available for this species.",[17,29,42,50,63,71,79,87],{"id":18,"title":19,"paragraphs":20},"s01","Overview",[21],{"id":22,"text":15,"source_ids":23,"claim_type":28},"s01-p01",[24,25,26,27],"S1","S3","S5","S6","project_synthesis",{"id":30,"title":31,"paragraphs":32},"s02","Names and classification",[33,38],{"id":34,"text":35,"source_ids":36,"claim_type":37},"s02-p01","POWO accepts Acanthus volubilis Wall. as a distinct species. Acanthus ilicifolius var. volubilis and Dilivaria volubilis are related synonyms; historical records should be assessed against the material actually collected by each author.",[24,25],"source_fact",{"id":39,"text":40,"source_ids":41,"claim_type":28},"s02-p02","Historical names involve both A. volubilis and A. ilicifolius; the identity of material in older studies depends on the taxonomic scope and identification information used by the authors.",[24,25],{"id":43,"title":44,"paragraphs":45},"s03","Morphology and identification",[46],{"id":47,"text":48,"source_ids":49,"claim_type":37},"s03-p01","A mangrove climber or scrambling shrub; flowering and fruiting vouchers help with identification. Some older Indian sources misapplied the name to unarmed A. ilicifolius, so locality and the absence of spines alone are insufficient for identification.",[24,25,27],{"id":51,"title":52,"paragraphs":53},"s04","Distribution, habitat and phenology",[54,58],{"id":55,"text":56,"source_ids":57,"claim_type":37},"s04-p01","Feng et al. (2024) list 15 field collections from Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, Singapore. Ragavan et al. (2015) report wild populations at Shoal Bay Creek and Jirkatang in South Andaman, on the landward side of mangroves near the high-tide line and inundated by spring tides; flowering and fruiting vouchers are PBL30967 and PBL30968. The NParks local flora adds a record from the landward mangrove zone in Singapore.",[24,25,26,27],{"id":59,"text":60,"source_ids":61,"claim_type":62},"s04-p02","The South Andaman account records flowering in March–April and fruiting in May–June; these are local phenology observations.",[27],"evidence_gap",{"id":64,"title":65,"paragraphs":66},"s05","Salinity in natural habitats",[67],{"id":68,"text":69,"source_ids":70,"claim_type":28},"s05-p01","Field collections, voucher specimens, and the Singapore flora support a native mangrove association. Population root-zone salinity and a controlled salt treatment for this species have not been reported.",[24,25,26,27],{"id":72,"title":73,"paragraphs":74},"s06","Salinity studies",[75],{"id":76,"text":77,"source_ids":78,"claim_type":62},"s06-p01","The sources assembled here focus on taxonomy, voucher collections, and habitat; they report no quantitative salt treatment or salinity-related growth endpoint for this species.",[],{"id":80,"title":81,"paragraphs":82},"s07","Reported mechanisms and ecological adaptations",[83],{"id":84,"text":85,"source_ids":86,"claim_type":28},"s07-p01","Available sources establish mangrove occurrence and taxonomic identity, but do not report a quantitative physiological or molecular mechanism for this species.",[24,25,27],{"id":88,"title":89,"paragraphs":90},"s08","Conclusions and evidence gaps",[91],{"id":92,"text":93,"source_ids":94,"claim_type":28},"s08-p01","The 2015 flowering and fruiting vouchers PBL30967 and PBL30968, together with 2024 Singapore collections, document A. volubilis in mangroves. Thothathri (1962) reported A. volubilis from Great Nicobar, but Ragavan et al. (2015) examined the specimen and identified it as a spineless form of A. ilicifolius; that record therefore does not document A. volubilis on Nicobar. Other records under older names still require voucher checks.",[24,95,25,96,26,27],"S2","S4",[],[99,106],{"name_original":100,"display_name":101,"record_id":102,"verification_level":103,"support_scope":104,"source_ids":105},"ehaloph","eHALOPH","11981","archived_synthesis","eHALOPH lists A. volubilis at species level as a hydrohalophyte and shrub, without a salinity value. Its note says no papers had been found by 2014 and that inclusion relied on search records and published summaries; the entry supplies no quantitative salt-tolerance data, while other sources document mangrove occurrence.",[96],{"name_original":107,"display_name":108,"record_id":109,"verification_level":110,"support_scope":111,"source_ids":112},"floraveg","FloraVeg.EU","unmatched row 23","local_original","FloraVeg.EU has no European match and no saline\u002Fbrackish EUNIS association. The species is native to Southeast Asia and the row is unmatched, so this has no negative ecological value.",[113],"S7",[115,122,128,133,138,142,146],{"id":24,"citation_original":116,"url":117,"additional_urls":118,"source_kind":119,"verification_level":120,"checked_at":121},"Plants of the World Online, Acanthus volubilis Wall.","https:\u002F\u002Fpowo.science.kew.org\u002Ftaxon\u002Furn:lsid:ipni.org:names:44931-1",[],"taxonomy","authority_record","2026-10-02",{"id":95,"citation_original":123,"url":124,"additional_urls":125,"source_kind":126,"verification_level":103,"checked_at":127},"Field Identification Guide for Indian Mangroves; Acanthus volubilis Wall.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F258872201_Field_Identification_Guide_for_Indian_Mangroves",[],"primary_field","2026-09-29",{"id":25,"citation_original":129,"url":130,"additional_urls":131,"source_kind":132,"verification_level":120,"checked_at":121},"NParks Flora & Fauna Web, Acanthus volubilis","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nparks.gov.sg\u002Fflorafaunaweb\u002Fflora\u002F6\u002F5\u002F6527",[],"authoritative_flora",{"id":96,"citation_original":134,"url":135,"additional_urls":136,"source_kind":137,"verification_level":103,"checked_at":127},"eHALOPH species record 11981","https:\u002F\u002Fehaloph.uc.pt\u002Fshowplant\u002F11981",[],"database",{"id":26,"citation_original":139,"url":140,"additional_urls":141,"source_kind":126,"verification_level":103,"checked_at":127},"Feng H, Banerjee AK, Guo W, Yuan Y, Duan F, Ng WL, Zhao X, Liu Y, Li C, Liu Y, Li L, Huang Y. 2024. Origin and evolution of a new tetraploid mangrove species in an intertidal zone. Plant Diversity 46(4):476–490. DOI:10.1016\u002Fj.pld.2024.04.007","https:\u002F\u002Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Farticles\u002FPMC11390703\u002F",[],{"id":27,"citation_original":143,"url":144,"additional_urls":145,"source_kind":126,"verification_level":103,"checked_at":127},"Ragavan P, Saxena A, Mohan PM, Jayaraj RSC, Ravichandran K. 2015. Taxonomy and distribution of species of the genus Acanthus (Acanthaceae) in mangroves of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Biodiversitas 16(2):225–237. DOI:10.13057\u002Fbiodiv\u002Fd160218","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.13057\u002Fbiodiv\u002Fd160218",[],{"id":113,"citation_original":147,"url":148,"additional_urls":149,"source_kind":137,"verification_level":110,"checked_at":121},"FloraVeg.EU \u002F Chytrý et al. (2020), EUNIS-ESy characteristic-species combinations, version 2021-06-01. DOI:10.5281\u002Fzenodo.4812736.","https:\u002F\u002Ffiles.ibot.cas.cz\u002Fcevs\u002Fdownloads\u002Ffloraveg\u002FCharacteristic-species-combinations-EUNIS-habitats-2021-06-01.xlsx",[150],"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5281\u002Fzenodo.4812736",1792838238281]