[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":194},["ShallowReactive",2],{"flora-3-en":3},{"release_id":4,"flora_id":5,"display_name":6,"scientific_name":6,"document":7},"thrive-v1-9d751b6f6d1787853e7f8e31",3,"Abronia latifolia",{"schema_version":8,"language":9,"id":5,"taxonomy":10,"display_name":6,"family_display":12,"genus_display":13,"description":14,"tolerance_evidence":99,"database_records":129,"sources":145},"flora-language-separated-v0.3","en",{"original_scientific_name":6,"accepted_name":11,"family":12,"genus":13},"Abronia latifolia Eschsch.","Nyctaginaceae","Abronia",{"summary":15,"sections":16},"Yellow sand-verbena is documented mainly on upper beaches and vegetated dunes along the North American Pacific coast. Coastal co-occurrence, sea wind, and salt spray indicate a shoreline association but do not replace measurements of root-zone salinity or a full life-cycle experiment.",[17,28,38,47,61,69,82,91],{"id":18,"title":19,"paragraphs":20},"s01","Overview",[21],{"id":22,"text":23,"source_ids":24,"claim_type":27},"s01-p01","North American Pacific-coast vegetation classifications place the species in the Leymus mollis–Abronia latifolia grassland association; USGS places this vegetation type in the Pacific North American Coastal Scrub & Herb Division. These classifications add habitat context but provide no root-zone salinity measurement.",[25,26],"S3","S4","project_synthesis",{"id":29,"title":30,"paragraphs":31},"s02","Names and classification",[32],{"id":33,"text":34,"source_ids":35,"claim_type":37},"s02-p01","The accepted name is Abronia latifolia Eschsch. The ecological evidence comes mainly from upper-beach and foredune populations on the North American Pacific coast; it should not be generalized to salt marshes or highly saline inland soils.",[25,26,36],"S94","source_fact",{"id":39,"title":40,"paragraphs":41},"s03","Morphology and identification",[42],{"id":43,"text":44,"source_ids":45,"claim_type":37},"s03-p01","A perennial creeping herb with a stout, elongated root; its stems spread along the ground to form mats. The opposite leaves are relatively thick, and rounded flower heads bear yellow to orange-yellow flowers. The fruit has several wing-like ribs. Yellow flowers and winged fruits help distinguish it from pink-flowered congeners.",[46],"S91",{"id":48,"title":49,"paragraphs":50},"s04","Distribution, habitat and phenology",[51,56],{"id":52,"text":53,"source_ids":54,"claim_type":37},"s04-p01","De Jong (1979) recorded native perennial populations in a vegetated-dune study transect at the base of the foredune on Bodega Beach, California. The plants occurred with Ambrosia chamissonis, Atriplex leucophylla, and Cakile maritima. Dry-sand salinity was measured at the front and rear of the dune at 30 cm depth, but the measurements are not tied to individual A. latifolia plants. Other beach positions and the southern Trancas population of A. maritima must not be assigned to this species.",[25,26,55],"S1",{"id":57,"text":58,"source_ids":59,"claim_type":60},"s04-p02","The available floras do not establish a species-wide flowering or fruiting season; scattered observations from different localities cannot be combined into a single phenological range.",[],"evidence_gap",{"id":62,"title":63,"paragraphs":64},"s05","Salinity in natural habitats",[65],{"id":66,"text":67,"source_ids":68,"claim_type":27},"s05-p01","The Bodega Beach study places this species in a vegetated-dune community and reports salinity in nearby sand. Those are co-occurring habitat measurements, not a tolerance threshold for individual root zones. A forebeach location or exposure to salt spray is also not equivalent to a salt-marsh habitat.",[25,26,55],{"id":70,"title":71,"paragraphs":72},"s06","Salinity studies",[73,77],{"id":74,"text":75,"source_ids":76,"claim_type":37},"s06-p01","De Jong (1979) sampled dry sand at 30 cm along a vegetated-dune transect at Bodega Beach, California. Table 3 summarizes measurements from the foredune and landward positions from May 1975 through January 1976; the wider survey ran from January 1975 through January 1976. The authors extracted 50 g of oven-dried sand in 25 mL of distilled water, measured conductivity, and used a 0.64 coefficient to estimate salt mass fraction in dry sand. Both positions had a reported range of 0.02–0.06%, with means of 0.04% and 0.03%, respectively. Samples came from a natural perennial community containing A. latifolia and three other pioneer species; they were not root-zone measurements paired with individual plants. The values are estimated mass fractions of mixed salts, not ECe or NaCl concentrations. Other Bodega positions—0.02–0.19% at the forebeach and 0.02–0.09% at the foredune—are site context only; the Trancas samples are A. maritima.",[55],{"id":78,"text":79,"source_ids":80,"claim_type":37},"s06-p02","Barbour and DeJong (1977) included A. latifolia in a seedling experiment with 12 beach taxa. High-intensity artificial sea-salt spray delivered 50 mg dm−2 d−1, versus 8 mg dm−2 d−1 at low intensity, for 3 weeks. No A. latifolia mortality was reported; its weighted spray-response index is plotted in Fig. 2, but species-specific biomass values are not tabulated. A separate tray experiment applied seawater inundation once a week for 3 weeks. Mean end-of-treatment sand salinity was 3,328 ppm, compared with 101 ppm in freshwater controls; these are tray-level readings. No A. latifolia mortality was reported, and the authors considered A. maritima less affected. The sand value is not an individual root-zone threshold.",[81],"S2",{"id":83,"title":84,"paragraphs":85},"s07","Reported mechanisms and ecological adaptations",[86],{"id":87,"text":88,"source_ids":89,"claim_type":27},"s07-p01","Available botanical and salt-stress studies do not report a molecular or ion-regulation mechanism specific to this species. Beach-community position, salt-spray exposure and root form describe ecological context but do not by themselves demonstrate a physiological mechanism.",[25,26,90],"S5",{"id":92,"title":93,"paragraphs":94},"s08","Conclusions and evidence gaps",[95],{"id":96,"text":97,"source_ids":98,"claim_type":27},"s08-p01","The species has documented coastal-dune communities and two short seedling stress tests. It survived 3 weeks of high-intensity salt spray and intermittent seawater inundation, but the response index combines mortality, morphology and biomass, while inundation salinity was measured in tray sand. These results describe short-term responses to spray and flooding; they do not define an adult root-zone threshold or a full-life-cycle limit.",[55,81,25,26],[100,114],{"id":101,"source_ids":102,"description":103},"M01",[55],{"evidence_type":104,"material":105,"salt_metric":106,"value_and_unit":107,"medium_and_exposure":108,"life_stage":109,"duration":110,"endpoint":111,"result":112,"limitations":113},"Bodega dune-vegetation survey with paired field soil-salinity measurements","Northern Bodega vegetated-beach study site, where A. latifolia occurred with two other native perennials and one introduced annual; sand sampled at the leading edge, hummock front, hummock back, and foredune positions, not from species-specific root zones.","Mixed salts in natural sand; individual salt ions were not measured","0.02–0.19% at leading edge (mean 0.06%); 0.02–0.06% at hummock front (mean 0.04%); 0.02–0.06% at hummock back (mean 0.03%); 0.02–0.09% at foredune (mean 0.05%); estimated dry-sand salt mass fraction.","Field sand samples; 50 g of oven-dried sand extracted in 25 mL distilled water, with salt content estimated from conductivity","Habitat measurements in a community occupied by natural perennial populations; no individual-plant treatment","Table 3 summarizes May 1975 through January 1976; the wider survey ran from January 1975 through January 1976","Salt mass fraction of dry sand at 30 cm depth at foredune and landward positions; community co-occurrence","Table 3 reports Bodega means\u002Franges by station: leading edge 0.06% (0.02–0.19%), hummock front 0.04% (0.02–0.06%), hummock back 0.03% (0.02–0.06%), and foredune 0.05% (0.02–0.09%). Hummock-front and hummock-back values are distinct from the leading-edge and foredune stations; no value is paired to an individual A. latifolia plant.","De Jong (1979) extracted 50 g of oven-dried sand in 25 mL of distilled water, shook and settled the mixture, measured conductivity, and used a 0.64 coefficient to estimate salt content. The table values are neither ECe nor NaCl concentrations, and no individual rhizosphere value was reported for this species. The Bodega forebeach range of 0.02–0.19% and foredune range of 0.02–0.09% are background for other positions only; the Trancas data refer to A. maritima.",{"id":115,"source_ids":116,"description":118},"M02",[81,117],"S92",{"evidence_type":119,"material":120,"salt_metric":121,"value_and_unit":122,"medium_and_exposure":123,"life_stage":124,"duration":125,"endpoint":126,"result":127,"limitations":128},"Seedling salt-spray and seawater-inundation tests in beach taxa","A. latifolia seedlings from Long Beach, Washington, and Kehoe Beach, California; two trays per treatment and about nine seedlings per tray.","Artificial-seawater salt spray and seawater inundation; sand salt was estimated from conductivity and is not a single-plant NaCl treatment.","High-intensity spray: 50 mg dm−2 d−1; low-intensity spray: 8 mg dm−2 d−1, for 3 weeks. Mean sand salt at the end of seawater inundation was 3,328 ppm, versus 101 ppm in freshwater controls.","Seedlings in sterilized river sand; salt spray was applied twice daily, or trays were inundated weekly with 250 mL seawater, drained and subsequently leached. Both tests lasted 3 weeks.","Post-germination seedlings.","3 weeks.","Mortality, morphology, shoot and root dry mass, combined in a relative tolerance index.","No A. latifolia mortality was reported under high-intensity spray, and it was not listed among taxa that died under seawater inundation. Figs. 2–3 plot its relative response indices; the authors considered A. maritima less affected by inundation. The paper does not tabulate a species-specific biomass response.","Only two trays per treatment were used, and findings apply to 3-week seedling tests. The 3,328 ppm value is a tray-sand reading after inundation; neither treatment defines an adult growth threshold. Fig. 2 presents the relative response index graphically, without exact numeric values tabulated.",[130,137],{"name_original":131,"display_name":132,"record_id":133,"verification_level":134,"support_scope":135,"source_ids":136},"ehaloph","eHALOPH","5228","archived_synthesis","Species-level eHALOPH entry labels the taxon psammophile and lists coastal dunes and beaches above the drift line. It says salt-spray, seawater-inundation, and soil-salinity exposures have been tested but that no growth data were available. The exposure leads to Barbour & De Jong (1977); Doliner & Jolliffe (1979) is a related bibliography entry, not an independent experimental result. This supports a beach-psammophyte habitat and the existence of exposure studies, but provides no reported growth endpoint or natural root-zone salinity measurement.",[81,117],{"name_original":138,"display_name":139,"record_id":140,"verification_level":141,"support_scope":142,"source_ids":143},"floraveg","FloraVeg.EU","baseline row 3","local_original","FloraVeg baseline row 3 has no valid exact-name match and lists zero saline\u002Fbrackish EUNIS relations. This European regional vegetation classification does not cover the ecological distribution of North American Pacific-coast populations.",[144],"S93",[146,153,159,165,169,173,179,184,189],{"id":55,"citation_original":147,"url":148,"additional_urls":149,"source_kind":150,"verification_level":151,"checked_at":152},"De Jong. 1979. Water and Salinity Relations of Californian Beach Species. Journal of Ecology 67:647–663","https:\u002F\u002Fdejong.ucdavis.edu\u002Fsites\u002Fg\u002Ffiles\u002Fdgvnsk8456\u002Ffiles\u002Ffiles\u002Fpage\u002F8%20DeJong%20Water%20and%20Salinity%20Beach%201979.pdf",[],"primary_field","full_text","2026-10-03",{"id":81,"citation_original":154,"url":155,"additional_urls":156,"source_kind":157,"verification_level":141,"checked_at":158},"Barbour, M.G. & DeJong, T.M. (1977). Response of West Coast Beach Taxa to Salt Spray, Seawater Inundation, and Soil Salinity. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 104(1):29–34. DOI:10.2307\u002F2484662.","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2307\u002F2484662",[],"primary_experiment","2026-10-04",{"id":25,"citation_original":160,"url":161,"additional_urls":162,"source_kind":163,"verification_level":134,"checked_at":164},"NatureServe Explorer, Leymus mollis–Abronia latifolia Grassland association","https:\u002F\u002Fexplorer.natureserve.org\u002FTaxon\u002FELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.689728\u002FLeymus_mollis_-_Abronia_latifolia_Grassland",[],"authoritative_flora","2026-09-30",{"id":26,"citation_original":166,"url":167,"additional_urls":168,"source_kind":163,"verification_level":134,"checked_at":164},"U.S. Geological Survey USNVC Hierarchy Explorer, Pacific North American Coastal Scrub & Herb Vegetation Division","https:\u002F\u002Fdata.usgs.gov\u002Fusnvc-explorer\u002FunitDetails\u002F860408",[],{"id":90,"citation_original":170,"url":171,"additional_urls":172,"source_kind":163,"verification_level":134,"checked_at":164},"National Park Service, Yellow Sand Verbena (Presidio of San Francisco)","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nps.gov\u002Fprsf\u002Flearn\u002Fnature\u002Fyellow-sand-verbena.htm",[],{"id":46,"citation_original":174,"url":175,"additional_urls":176,"source_kind":163,"verification_level":177,"checked_at":178},"E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia, Abronia latifolia Eschsch.","https:\u002F\u002Flinnet.geog.ubc.ca\u002FAtlas\u002FAtlas.aspx?NoTransfer=1&sciname=Abronia+latifolia",[],"authority_record","2026-10-02",{"id":117,"citation_original":180,"url":181,"additional_urls":182,"source_kind":183,"verification_level":134,"checked_at":178},"eHALOPH species record 5228, Abronia latifolia","https:\u002F\u002Fehaloph.uc.pt\u002Fshowplant\u002F5228",[],"database",{"id":144,"citation_original":185,"url":186,"additional_urls":187,"source_kind":183,"verification_level":141,"checked_at":178},"FloraVeg.EU \u002F Chytrý et al. (2020), EUNIS-ESy characteristic-species combinations, version 2021-06-01. DOI:10.5281\u002Fzenodo.4812736.","https:\u002F\u002Ffiles.ibot.cas.cz\u002Fcevs\u002Fdownloads\u002Ffloraveg\u002FCharacteristic-species-combinations-EUNIS-habitats-2021-06-01.xlsx",[188],"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5281\u002Fzenodo.4812736",{"id":36,"citation_original":190,"url":191,"additional_urls":192,"source_kind":193,"verification_level":177,"checked_at":152},"Plants of the World Online, Kew: Abronia latifolia Eschsch.","https:\u002F\u002Fpowo.science.kew.org\u002Ftaxon\u002F326895-2",[],"taxonomy",1792838237815]