[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":388},["ShallowReactive",2],{"flora-375-en":3},{"release_id":4,"flora_id":5,"display_name":6,"scientific_name":6,"document":7},"thrive-v1-9d751b6f6d1787853e7f8e31",375,"Avicennia marina",{"schema_version":8,"language":9,"id":5,"taxonomy":10,"display_name":6,"family_display":12,"genus_display":13,"description":14,"tolerance_evidence":105,"database_records":239,"sources":302},"flora-language-separated-v0.3","en",{"original_scientific_name":6,"accepted_name":11,"family":12,"genus":13},"Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.","Acanthaceae","Avicennia",{"summary":15,"sections":16},"Avicennia marina is a mangrove tree from freshwater-influenced estuaries to saline intertidal sites. Field records and studies show varied responses, but sea salt, natural seawater, soil PSU, EC and pure NaCl are interpreted separately.",[17,30,42,51,59,67,89,97],{"id":18,"title":19,"paragraphs":20},"s01","Overview",[21],{"id":22,"text":23,"source_ids":24,"claim_type":29},"s01-p01","Avicennia marina is a mangrove tree from freshwater-influenced estuaries to saline intertidal sites. Field records from Australia, Bangladesh and Oman are distinct habitat sources. Studies involve NaCl, soil salinity in PSU, natural seawater, commercial sea salt and pure-NaCl propagules; metrics and life stages are not interchangeable.",[25,26,27,28],"S01","S03","S04","S05","project_synthesis",{"id":31,"title":32,"paragraphs":33},"s02","Name and classification",[34],{"id":35,"text":36,"source_ids":37,"claim_type":41},"s02-p01","POWO accepts Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. and recognizes subsp. australasica, subsp. eucalyptifolia, subsp. marina and var. rumphiana. POWO accepts A. alba as a separate species; the eHALOPH synonym note conflicts. The name A. rumphiana corresponds to var. rumphiana.",[25,38,39,40],"S02","S13","S15","source_fact",{"id":43,"title":44,"paragraphs":45},"s03","Morphology and identification",[46],{"id":47,"text":48,"source_ids":49,"claim_type":29},"s03-p01","This Avicennia mangrove tree has aerial pneumatophores; its propagules germinate on the parent, and leaves may bear salt glands. General mangrove habit alone does not resolve infraspecific identity; the materials in the Santini, Abu Hena, and Atia studies are explicitly identified as A. marina.",[25,26,27,50],"S17",{"id":52,"title":53,"paragraphs":54},"s04","Distribution, habitat and phenology",[55],{"id":56,"text":57,"source_ids":58,"claim_type":41},"s04-p01","POWO gives a native range from the tropical\u002Fsubtropical Old World to Australia, across Asia, Africa, Australia and Pacific areas. Field records include Moreton Bay to Exmouth Gulf, the Bakkhali estuary and coastal khawr in Oman. Seawater mixes with river flow, rainfall and groundwater, creating site\u002Fseason variation.",[25,26,27,28],{"id":60,"title":61,"paragraphs":62},"s05","Salinity in natural habitats",[63],{"id":64,"text":65,"source_ids":66,"claim_type":29},"s05-p01","Santini et al. measured 15–54 ppt in root-zone pore water at 30 cm across five natural sites; Giralia Bay was 54±0.9 ppt in the dry period. Abu Hena et al. recorded a naturally regenerated near-monodominant intertidal stand in Bangladesh and sampled pore water monthly without absolute values. Ghazanfar recorded the species at more saline khawr sites among 28 coastal stations; “>20” has no unit. This supports site-specific natural association, not a species-wide ceiling.",[26,27,28],{"id":68,"title":69,"paragraphs":70},"s06","Salinity research",[71,78,85],{"id":72,"text":73,"source_ids":74,"claim_type":41},"s06-p01","Barhoumi et al.’s abstract reports 0–1200 mM NaCl, highest fresh mass after four months at 300 mM, and survival at 1200 mM, but lacks a baseline to establish net growth. Naidoo used Beachwood Reserve seedlings in a three-month factorial trial with 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 M NaCl and NH4Cl nitrogen, with an initial dry-mass baseline. Shoot and root growth were generally greater at 0.1 M; 14 mg N\u002FL increased shoot growth at 0.1 and 0.3 M and root growth at 0.3 M, with no significant promotion at 0.5 M. Patel et al. grew Gujarat propagules for six months in NaCl-amended soil reported in PSU; emergence declined with salinity, while seedling growth was higher across roughly 7.7–15.4 PSU treatments.",[75,76,77],"S06","S07","S08",{"id":79,"text":80,"source_ids":81,"claim_type":41},"s06-p02","Khan et al. used commercial sea salt at 50% and 150% seawater strength; 50% promoted growth and 150% reduced it, with solution EC of 6, 26 and 85 dS\u002Fm in control, 50% and 150% treatments. Downton grew St Kilda propagules for about 8–11 months; total fresh and dry mass was greater at 10–50% natural seawater. Salt-free plants grew rapidly early but later became stunted and damaged, while plants at 100% seawater remained healthy but stunted. In Burchett’s two seawater series, nutrient-supplied Townsville plants acclimated at 25% seawater had higher total growth and distal-root respiration at 25%, with declines at higher salinity. The latter two studies used natural seawater, not pure NaCl.",[82,83,84],"S09","S10","S11",{"id":86,"text":87,"source_ids":88,"claim_type":41},"s06-p03","Atia et al. exposed Red Sea viviparous propagules to pure NaCl for 15 days; both 300 and 600 mM had new-root and day-15 root\u002Fembryo-axis endpoints. Evidence is limited to germination through early rooting, not adults or the full life cycle, and is not a species-wide limit.",[50],{"id":90,"title":91,"paragraphs":92},"s07","Reported mechanisms and ecological responses",[93],{"id":94,"text":95,"source_ids":96,"claim_type":41},"s07-p01","Atia et al. report that NaCl and NaHCO₃ reduced propagule photosynthesis and may affect root initiation\u002Fgrowth; final germination was not significantly lower at 300 or 600 mM NaCl. Khan et al. measured salt-induced osmolyte accumulation. Salt type, stage and endpoint remain study-specific.",[82,50],{"id":98,"title":99,"paragraphs":100},"s08","Conclusions and evidence gaps",[101],{"id":102,"text":103,"source_ids":104,"claim_type":29},"s08-p01","Four studies used different salt sources, media, and life stages: Naidoo et al. grew seedlings for three months in NaCl–nitrogen solution culture; Patel et al. tested seedlings for six months in NaCl-amended soil; Downton and Burchett reported greater growth at 10–50% and 25% natural seawater, respectively. Barhoumi et al.’s abstract gives no pretreatment biomass baseline, so the greater fresh mass at 300 mM alone does not establish net growth; Khan et al. used commercial sea salt, with solution EC of 6, 26, and 85 dS\u002Fm in the control, 50%, and 150% seawater-strength treatments, respectively. Their materials, treatments, and endpoints differ and do not yield a single tolerance threshold.",[26,75,76,77,82,83,84,50],[106,120,134,148,162,176,190,204,218,232],{"id":107,"source_ids":108,"description":109},"M01",[26],{"evidence_type":110,"material":111,"salt_metric":112,"value_and_unit":113,"medium_and_exposure":114,"life_stage":115,"duration":116,"endpoint":117,"result":118,"limitations":119},"Natural field pore-water observation","Natural A. marina stands at five Australian estuary sites; Giralia was sampled in the dry period before rain.","Natural tidal\u002Ffresh\u002Fseawater pore water, not pure NaCl.","Cootharaba 15±0.6; Brisbane River 20±1.2; Cooroibah 36±1.0; Nudgee Creek 34±2.6; Giralia dry season 54±0.9 ppt.","Pore water collected at 30 cm and read by refractometer; Table 2 site means±SE, n=3–4.","Natural mature stands.","March–April 2010; Giralia in August dry season.","Root-zone environment, not growth treatment or ceiling.","Five site means 15–54 ppt; Giralia dry pore water 54±0.9 ppt.","The five sites come from one study and describe site and seasonal conditions; the values do not establish individual thresholds or maximum tolerance and are not pure-NaCl concentrations.",{"id":121,"source_ids":122,"description":123},"M02",[75],{"evidence_type":124,"material":125,"salt_metric":126,"value_and_unit":127,"medium_and_exposure":128,"life_stage":129,"duration":130,"endpoint":131,"result":132,"limitations":133},"Controlled salinity experiment, abstract-level","A. marina plants; source, cultivar and stage not specified.","NaCl.","0, 150, 300, 600, 900, 1200 mM.","Controlled treatment; full substrate and root-zone method unavailable from abstract.","Stage unspecified; no full-life-cycle inference.","2 and 4 months; 300 mM result at 4 months.","Fresh\u002Fdry mass and highest-dose survival; no baseline table.","The abstract reports that fresh mass was highest at 300 mM NaCl after four months and attributes the reported “increase” to adequate water supply and greater photosynthetic area; it also says dry mass declined as salinity rose. Because the abstract does not clarify whether fresh-mass change is relative to baseline, an increment from month 2 to month 4, or a between-treatment terminal comparison, it cannot alone establish new net tissue growth during salinity exposure. Survival at 1,200 mM is not a sustained-growth result.","Only the original journal abstract was obtained; full Methods\u002FResults and the original fresh-weight time series or baseline were not checked. The basis of the abstract’s “FW increment” is unclear and could reflect tissue hydration. Survival at 1,200 mM must not be described as sustained growth.",{"id":135,"source_ids":136,"description":137},"M03",[76],{"evidence_type":138,"material":139,"salt_metric":140,"value_and_unit":141,"medium_and_exposure":142,"life_stage":143,"duration":144,"endpoint":145,"result":146,"limitations":147},"NaCl × nitrogen solution-culture seedling experiment","A. marina plants raised from propagules collected at Beachwood Nature Reserve, Durban; five representative plants were harvested before treatment to establish initial root and shoot dry-mass baselines.","NaCl with NH4Cl\u002Fnitrogen factor.","0.1, 0.3, 0.5 M NaCl (100, 300, 500 mM).","Unaerated nutrient culture; factorial NaCl and NH4Cl nitrogen treatments in 10-L pots, solution renewed every two weeks, with distilled water added daily to replace evaporative loss.","Young plants raised from propagules; grown for seven months in river sand\u002Fcompost (4:1), then kept in nutrient solution for two months before salinity treatment.","Three months; baseline and final harvests, with growth calculated from dry-mass change.","Root and shoot growth\u002Fdry matter, water status and ion composition under NaCl × nitrogen treatments.","Growth was generally greatest at 0.1 M NaCl and declined at higher salinity. Adding 14 mg N\u002FL increased shoot growth at 0.1 and 0.3 M and root growth at 0.3 M; it had no significant effect at 0.5 M.","This is seedling solution culture with combined NaCl and nitrogen effects; it does not establish a field threshold or full-life-cycle response.",{"id":149,"source_ids":150,"description":151},"M04",[77],{"evidence_type":152,"material":153,"salt_metric":154,"value_and_unit":155,"medium_and_exposure":156,"life_stage":157,"duration":158,"endpoint":159,"result":160,"limitations":161},"Seedling salinity trial in NaCl-amended soil","Gujarat A. marina propagules\u002Fseedlings in a six-month soil-salinity experiment.","NaCl-amended soil salinity reported in PSU; not NaCl-solution molarity.","0.2, 2.5, 5.1, 7.7, 10.3, 12.6, 15.4, 17.9, 20.5, 23.0, 25.6 and 28.2 PSU.","Greenhouse soil gradient; target salinities maintained after NaCl addition.","Seedling establishment and growth.","Six months of greenhouse seedling growth.","Emergence, seedling growth and biomass across the soil-salinity gradient.","Emergence declined as soil salinity rose; seedling growth and biomass were higher across the mid-salinity range of about 7.7–15.4 PSU and declined at higher treatments.","The authors report soil salinity in PSU, not NaCl molarity in solution. Results apply to greenhouse seedlings over six months.",{"id":163,"source_ids":164,"description":165},"M05",[82],{"evidence_type":166,"material":167,"salt_metric":168,"value_and_unit":169,"medium_and_exposure":170,"life_stage":171,"duration":172,"endpoint":173,"result":174,"limitations":175},"Controlled commercial-sea-salt experiment","Seed-raised plants potted 20 weeks to seedling stage or ~40 weeks to sapling stage before exposure.","Commercial sea salt (mixed salt), reported as seawater strength (SWS); not pure NaCl.","0%, 50%, and 150% SWS (control, half-strength seawater, and 1.5 times seawater strength, respectively); SWS denotes relative seawater strength.","Sand pots in a net house with nutrient solution supplied from below. Fresh water was added daily to adjust water level, and solution was replaced every seven days. SWS increased by 25% every two days; 150% was reached after 12 days and maintained for a further four weeks before harvest.","Seedlings and saplings with different pre-treatment ages.","12-day ramp; top level held 4 weeks before harvest.","Final height, leaves\u002Farea, fresh and dry mass.","50% SWS promoted growth; 150% SWS reduced it. Paper identifies commercial sea salt.","The salt source was mixed sea salt, reported as relative seawater strength (SWS), with salinity raised gradually before final treatment. The experiment records endpoint responses, and SWS cannot be converted to a pure-NaCl concentration or threshold.",{"id":177,"source_ids":178,"description":179},"M06",[82],{"evidence_type":180,"material":181,"salt_metric":182,"value_and_unit":183,"medium_and_exposure":184,"life_stage":185,"duration":186,"endpoint":187,"result":188,"limitations":189},"Solution EC record for Khan sea-salt treatments","Seedlings potted 20 weeks or saplings about 40 weeks before exposure.","Solution EC in commercial mixed-sea-salt nutrient solution, not NaCl molarity.","Control 6; 50% SWS 26; 150% SWS 85 dS\u002Fm.","Khan 2016 bottom-watered sand pots; EC maps to 0%, 50%, 150% SWS treatments.","Seedlings and saplings.","12-day ramp then 4 weeks at highest treatment before harvest.","Solution EC paired with plant growth response.","50% SWS=moderate (26 dS\u002Fm), 150%=stress (85 dS\u002Fm); control EC=6 dS\u002Fm, not zero.","These EC values describe a mixed-sea-salt nutrient-solution system and cannot be converted to NaCl mM. 85 dS\u002Fm is a high-salinity treatment, not a demonstrated upper or survival limit. eHALOPH gives no direct reference ID for 85 dS\u002Fm, although the Khan study reports the same treatment.",{"id":191,"source_ids":192,"description":193},"M07",[83],{"evidence_type":194,"material":195,"salt_metric":196,"value_and_unit":197,"medium_and_exposure":198,"life_stage":199,"duration":200,"endpoint":201,"result":202,"limitations":203},"Natural-seawater culture experiment on A. marina propagules","A. marina propagules from St Kilda, South Australia, grown in nutrient solution.","Natural seawater strength; mixed ions, not pure NaCl.","0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% natural seawater (the article reports 100% seawater at 500 mM Na and 580 mM Cl).","Nutrient solution containing natural seawater; potted plants.","Seed\u002Fgermination-derived plants.","Approximately 8–11 months.","Growth and terminal fresh\u002Fdry mass.","Total fresh and dry mass was greatest across 10–50% seawater. Salt-free plants grew rapidly early but later became stunted and damaged; plants at 100% seawater remained healthy but stunted.","Natural seawater is a mixed-salt medium; percentages are relative seawater strength and are not converted to pure-NaCl molarity.",{"id":205,"source_ids":206,"description":207},"M08",[84],{"evidence_type":208,"material":209,"salt_metric":210,"value_and_unit":211,"medium_and_exposure":212,"life_stage":213,"duration":214,"endpoint":215,"result":216,"limitations":217},"Natural-seawater salinity trials with A. marina seedlings and propagules","Two A. marina seedling series: field-collected Sydney seedlings with 2–3 leaf pairs and nutrient-supplied Townsville propagules acclimated at 25% seawater.","Natural seawater percentage; mixed-salt treatment.","0, 25, 50 and 100% natural seawater.","Separate field-seedling and nutrient-culture series; Townsville plants were acclimated at 25% seawater before final treatments.","Seedlings.","Final salinity treatments lasted six weeks; the study reports 6–8 weeks for the seedling series.","Growth, root\u002Fshoot ratio, leaf succulence, osmotic potential and root respiration.","In nutrient-supplied Townsville plants, total growth and distal-root respiration were higher at 25% seawater and declined at higher seawater strengths. Leaf succulence and osmotic potential followed different response patterns.","Natural seawater was used, and the two experimental series differed in provenance, nutrition and acclimation; results are not a pure-NaCl threshold.",{"id":219,"source_ids":220,"description":221},"M09",[50],{"evidence_type":222,"material":223,"salt_metric":224,"value_and_unit":225,"medium_and_exposure":226,"life_stage":227,"duration":228,"endpoint":229,"result":230,"limitations":231},"Controlled pure-NaCl propagule-to-rooted-seedling experiment","Cryptoviviparous Al Birk Red Sea propagules; 15\u002Ftray, 3 replicates; cotyledons, embryo axes and new roots separated.","Pure NaCl, not mixed sea salt.","300 mM NaCl.","Plastic tray, 3 cm peat moss\u002Fvermiculite (3:1), moistened with 1 L treatment; transparent cover limited evaporation; root zone not measured.","Propagule germination through 15-day early rooted seedling; roots absent at exposure start.","15 days; rooting recorded daily.","Root initiation and day-15 embryo-axis\u002Froot dry mass, not adult\u002Ffull-life-cycle growth.","Day 15 rooting 62%, final germination 88.9%; embryo axis 0.13±0.03 g\u002Fplant, new root 0.05±0.01 g\u002Fplant. Full text reports no significant embryo-axis\u002Froot inhibition at 300\u002F600 mM and new roots formed during exposure; terminal mass is not pre\u002Fpost gain.","Evidence is limited to 15-day salt treatment of Red Sea cryptoviviparous propagules forming early rooted seedlings under covered culture; the nominal concentration was maintained under a plastic cover, and root-zone salinity was not measured. Table 1 reports day-15 dry mass, not gain from a baseline; rooting percentage was recorded daily, and §3.4 reports no significant effect of NaCl concentration on root growth. There is no evidence here for adult plants, sustained field salinity, or full-life-cycle\u002Freproductive performance.",{"id":233,"source_ids":234,"description":235},"M10",[50],{"evidence_type":222,"material":223,"salt_metric":224,"value_and_unit":236,"medium_and_exposure":226,"life_stage":227,"duration":228,"endpoint":229,"result":237,"limitations":238},"600 mM NaCl.","Day 15 rooting was 62%, final germination 84.4%; embryo-axis dry mass was 0.11±0.03 g\u002Fplant and new-root dry mass was 0.04±0.01 g\u002Fplant. Authors report no significant embryo-axis\u002Froot inhibition under NaCl and new-root formation during exposure; evidence is limited to early rooted seedlings at this concentration; terminal mass is not pre\u002Fpost gain.","The evidence is limited to early rooted seedlings formed from Red Sea cryptoviviparous propagules during 15 days of covered culture; it does not establish adult-tree, long-term root-zone, or full-life-cycle tolerance. Root-zone salinity was not measured; Table 1 terminal dry mass is not net gain, and growth evidence comes from the 15-day new-root\u002Frooting time series and the authors’ root-growth endpoint. 600 mM is not used as an upper or limit value.",[240,247,251,255,259,266,272,276,280,284,291,295],{"name_original":241,"display_name":242,"record_id":243,"verification_level":244,"support_scope":245,"source_ids":246},"ehaloph","eHALOPH","12396","archived_synthesis","Aggregated salinity\u002Fecology index, not independent measurements. The 300 mM fresh-mass result is qualified, 1200 mM is survival only, Naidoo reports less growth at 500 than 100 mM, Khan’s 26\u002F85 dS\u002Fm is commercial sea salt, and PSU\u002Fseawater fields are not NaCl limits; A. alba synonym note conflicts with POWO.",[39],{"name_original":241,"display_name":242,"record_id":248,"verification_level":244,"support_scope":249,"source_ids":250},"11745","Accepted-subspecies index; the linked study has no verified sustained whole-plant endpoint, and its 500 mM value does not establish a species-wide tolerance.",[39],{"name_original":241,"display_name":242,"record_id":252,"verification_level":244,"support_scope":253,"source_ids":254},"12399","Subspecies lead; retain 35.5 PSU and 49 g\u002Fkg without NaCl conversion or whole-species extrapolation.",[39],{"name_original":241,"display_name":242,"record_id":256,"verification_level":244,"support_scope":257,"source_ids":258},"13783","Accepted variety index; 35.5 PSU and a leaf-ion allocation study do not establish a tolerance ceiling or NaCl tier.",[39],{"name_original":260,"display_name":261,"record_id":262,"verification_level":244,"support_scope":263,"source_ids":264},"china_halophyte_catalog","China Halophyte Catalogue","CNHP_1319","Secondary mangrove\u002Fsalt-marsh and salt-excretion labels; 260 mM\u002F26 dS\u002Fm comes from Khan commercial sea salt, not 260 mM NaCl or an independent primary record.",[265],"S14",{"name_original":267,"display_name":268,"record_id":269,"verification_level":244,"support_scope":270,"source_ids":271},"mangrovedb","MangroveDB","mangrovedb:Avicennia_marina_subsp_australasica","Subspecies habitat profile; no salinity measurement or experiment.",[40],{"name_original":267,"display_name":268,"record_id":273,"verification_level":244,"support_scope":274,"source_ids":275},"mangrovedb:Avicennia_marina_subsp_eucalyptifolia","Taxonomic\u002Fmorphology profile; no salinity value or tolerance experiment.",[40],{"name_original":267,"display_name":268,"record_id":277,"verification_level":244,"support_scope":278,"source_ids":279},"mangrovedb:Avicennia_marina_subsp_marina","Aggregated estuarine habitat description; no salinity method\u002Fvalue or independent field evidence.",[40],{"name_original":267,"display_name":268,"record_id":281,"verification_level":244,"support_scope":282,"source_ids":283},"mangrovedb:Avicennia_marina_var_rumphiana","Accepted variety habitat\u002Fmorphology index; no quantitative salinity data.",[40],{"name_original":285,"display_name":286,"record_id":287,"verification_level":244,"support_scope":288,"source_ids":289},"sdnu_grhc","SDNU Plant Resources Database","GRHC_E_1314","General mangrove\u002Fsalt-marsh entry states soil salt >0.6%, but basis\u002Fmethod are unknown; not a limit.",[290],"S16",{"name_original":285,"display_name":286,"record_id":292,"verification_level":244,"support_scope":293,"source_ids":294},"GRHC_H_2053","Duplicate >0.6% secondary claim from the same portal\u002Finformation chain as GRHC_E_1314; not independent.",[290],{"name_original":296,"display_name":297,"record_id":298,"verification_level":244,"support_scope":299,"source_ids":300},"floraveg","FloraVeg","baseline_row=375 (unmatched)","This is an unmatched baseline row with zero saline\u002Fbrackish relations; it does not contradict field mangrove records.",[301],"S18",[303,310,315,320,324,328,333,339,343,347,351,355,360,365,369,373,378,384],{"id":25,"citation_original":304,"url":305,"additional_urls":306,"source_kind":307,"verification_level":308,"checked_at":309},"POWO. Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. Plants of the World Online, Kew Science.","https:\u002F\u002Fpowo.science.kew.org\u002Ftaxon\u002Furn:lsid:ipni.org:names:861130-1",[],"taxonomy","authority_record","2026-10-02",{"id":38,"citation_original":311,"url":312,"additional_urls":313,"source_kind":307,"verification_level":244,"checked_at":314},"POWO. Avicennia alba Blume. Plants of the World Online, Kew Science.","https:\u002F\u002Fpowo.science.kew.org\u002Ftaxon\u002Furn:lsid:ipni.org:names:861116-1",[],"2026-10-01",{"id":26,"citation_original":316,"url":317,"additional_urls":318,"source_kind":319,"verification_level":244,"checked_at":314},"Santini, N.S., Reef, R., Lockington, D.A. & Lovelock, C.E. (2015). The use of fresh and saline water sources by the mangrove Avicennia marina. Hydrobiologia 745(1):59–68. DOI: 10.1007\u002Fs10750-014-2091-2.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F269723388_The_use_of_fresh_and_saline_water_sources_by_the_mangrove_Avicennia_marina",[],"primary_field",{"id":27,"citation_original":321,"url":322,"additional_urls":323,"source_kind":319,"verification_level":244,"checked_at":314},"Abu Hena, M.K., Japar Sidik, B., Idris, M.H., Nesarul, M.H., Aysha, A., Islam, M.S. & Nazmul, H. (2015). Forest structure and litter production of naturally re-generated white mangrove Avicennia marina in sub-tropical estuarine coast. Journal of Environmental Biology 36(5):1199–1204.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jeb.co.in\u002Fjournal_issues\u002F201509_sep15\u002Fpaper_23.pdf",[],{"id":28,"citation_original":325,"url":326,"additional_urls":327,"source_kind":319,"verification_level":244,"checked_at":314},"Ghazanfar, S.A. (1999). Coastal vegetation of Oman. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 49(Supplement A):21–27. DOI: 10.1016\u002FS0272-7714(99)80004-3.","https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS0272-7714(99)80004-3",[],{"id":75,"citation_original":329,"url":330,"additional_urls":331,"source_kind":332,"verification_level":244,"checked_at":314},"Barhoumi, Z., Hussain, A.A. & Atia, A. (2021). Physiological Response of Avicennia marina to Salinity and Recovery. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 68(4):696–707. DOI: 10.1134\u002FS1021443721040026.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pleiades.online\u002Fcgi-perl\u002Fsearch.pl?name=plntphys&number=4&page=696&type=abstract&year=21",[],"primary_experiment",{"id":76,"citation_original":334,"url":335,"additional_urls":336,"source_kind":332,"verification_level":337,"checked_at":338},"Naidoo, G. (1987). Effects of salinity and nitrogen on growth and water relations in the mangrove, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. New Phytologist 107(2):317–325. DOI: 10.1111\u002Fj.1469-8137.1987.tb00183.x.","https:\u002F\u002Fnph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1469-8137.1987.tb00183.x",[],"local_original","2026-10-04",{"id":77,"citation_original":340,"url":341,"additional_urls":342,"source_kind":332,"verification_level":337,"checked_at":338},"Patel, N.T., Gupta, A. & Pandey, A.N. (2010). Salinity tolerance of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. from Gujarat coasts of India. Aquatic Botany 93(1):9–16. DOI: 10.1016\u002Fj.aquabot.2010.02.002.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0304377010000203",[],{"id":82,"citation_original":344,"url":345,"additional_urls":346,"source_kind":332,"verification_level":244,"checked_at":314},"Khan, F., Adnan, M.Y. & Aziz, I. (2016). Metabolic implications of salt induced osmolyte accumulation in Avicennia marina. Pakistan Journal of Botany 48(1):29–36.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.halophyte.org\u002Fpdfs\u002Fdrkhan_pdfs\u002F2016%201.pdf",[],{"id":83,"citation_original":348,"url":349,"additional_urls":350,"source_kind":332,"verification_level":337,"checked_at":338},"Downton, W.J.S. (1982). Growth and osmotic relations of the mangrove Avicennia marina, as influenced by salinity. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 9(5):519–528. DOI: 10.1071\u002FPP9820519.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F262994475_Growth_and_Osmotic_Relations_of_the_Mangrove_Avicennia_marina_as_Influenced_by_Salinity",[],{"id":84,"citation_original":352,"url":353,"additional_urls":354,"source_kind":332,"verification_level":337,"checked_at":338},"Burchett, M.D., Field, C.D. & Pulkownik, A. (1984). Salinity, growth and root respiration in the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina. Physiologia Plantarum 60(2):113–118. DOI: 10.1111\u002Fj.1399-3054.1984.tb04549.x.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F227975170_Salinity_growth_and_root_respiration_in_the_grey_mangrove_Avicennia_marina",[],{"id":356,"citation_original":357,"url":358,"additional_urls":359,"source_kind":332,"verification_level":244,"checked_at":314},"S12","Cram, W.J., Torr, P.G. & Rose, D.A. (2002). Salt allocation during leaf development and leaf fall in mangroves. Trees 16(2–3):112–119.","https:\u002F\u002Fehaloph.uc.pt\u002Freference_view\u002F1569",[],{"id":39,"citation_original":361,"url":362,"additional_urls":363,"source_kind":364,"verification_level":244,"checked_at":314},"eHALOPH. Avicennia marina species and infraspecific entries, record IDs 12396, 11745, 12399, 13783.","https:\u002F\u002Fehaloph.uc.pt\u002Fshowplant\u002F12396",[],"database",{"id":265,"citation_original":366,"url":367,"additional_urls":368,"source_kind":364,"verification_level":244,"checked_at":314},"China Halophyte Catalogue 2025, entry CNHP_1319. Article DOI 10.17520\u002Fbiods.2025030; dataset DOI 10.57760\u002Fsciencedb.j00152.00028.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.biodiversity-science.net\u002Ffileup\u002F1005-0094\u002FDATA\u002F2025030.zip",[],{"id":40,"citation_original":370,"url":371,"additional_urls":372,"source_kind":364,"verification_level":244,"checked_at":314},"MangroveDB. Avicennia marina infraspecific entries (four taxon IDs).","https:\u002F\u002Fjasonxu.shinyapps.io\u002FMangroveDB\u002F",[],{"id":290,"citation_original":374,"url":375,"additional_urls":376,"source_kind":364,"verification_level":244,"checked_at":314},"山东师范大学生命科学学院植物资源库，海榄雌条目GRHC_E_1314及GRHC_H_2053。","http:\u002F\u002Fwww.grhc.sdnu.edu.cn\u002Finfo\u002F1008\u002F1314.htm",[377],"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.grhc.sdnu.edu.cn\u002Finfo\u002F1066\u002F2053.htm",{"id":50,"citation_original":379,"url":380,"additional_urls":381,"source_kind":332,"verification_level":382,"checked_at":383},"Atia, A., Hussain, A.A. & Zouhaier, B. (2022). Germination and Photosynthetic Responses to Salinity and Alkalinity in Avicenna marina Propagules. Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 91(5):1015–1026. DOI: 10.32604\u002Fphyton.2022.017778.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.techscience.com\u002Fphyton\u002Fv91n5\u002F46599\u002Fhtml",[],"full_text","2026-10-03",{"id":301,"citation_original":385,"url":386,"additional_urls":387,"source_kind":364,"verification_level":244,"checked_at":314},"FloraVeg local baseline candidate row for Avicennia marina, baseline_row=375 (unmatched).","https:\u002F\u002Ffloraveg.eu\u002F",[],1792838245627]