[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":249},["ShallowReactive",2],{"flora-4-en":3},{"release_id":4,"flora_id":5,"display_name":6,"scientific_name":6,"document":7},"thrive-v1-9d751b6f6d1787853e7f8e31",4,"Abronia maritima",{"schema_version":8,"language":9,"id":5,"taxonomy":10,"display_name":6,"family_display":12,"genus_display":13,"description":14,"tolerance_evidence":116,"database_records":180,"sources":195},"flora-language-separated-v0.3","en",{"original_scientific_name":6,"accepted_name":11,"family":12,"genus":13},"Abronia maritima Nutt. ex S.Watson","Nyctaginaceae","Abronia",{"summary":15,"sections":16},"Red sand-verbena has both a direct mixed-seawater growth experiment and field records from North American dunes. The experiment expressed treatment as osmotic potential. Dune position and occasional seawater influence cannot automatically be interpreted as saline-marsh root-zone conditions.",[17,28,42,50,65,73,99,107],{"id":18,"title":19,"paragraphs":20},"s01","Overview",[21],{"id":22,"text":15,"source_ids":23,"claim_type":27},"s01-p01",[24,25,26],"S1","S6","S7","project_synthesis",{"id":29,"title":30,"paragraphs":31},"s02","Names and classification",[32,38],{"id":33,"text":34,"source_ids":35,"claim_type":37},"s02-p01","The accepted name is Abronia maritima Nutt. ex S.Watson. Direct salinity experiments used material or seed from the California coast, while the ecological records concern beaches and dunes along the North American Pacific coast. These sources do not cover every geographic population.",[25,26,36],"S8","source_fact",{"id":39,"text":40,"source_ids":41,"claim_type":27},"s02-p02","POWO accepts Abronia maritima as a distinct species.",[25,26,36],{"id":43,"title":44,"paragraphs":45},"s03","Morphology and identification",[46],{"id":47,"text":48,"source_ids":49,"claim_type":37},"s03-p01","A perennial, creeping herb with fleshy leaves and trailing stems close to the sand surface. Its flowers are borne in heads and are often red to purple-red; the fruit is a winged, achene-like nutlet. Flower colour and habitat may help distinguish it from A. latifolia, but specimens should be checked with a key.",[25,26],{"id":51,"title":52,"paragraphs":53},"s04","Distribution, habitat and phenology",[54,59],{"id":55,"text":56,"source_ids":57,"claim_type":37},"s04-p01","Natural, locally dominant populations occur on Pacific-coast forebeaches and dunes. De Jong (1979) measured low sand salinity at Trancas Beach, with clear variation across place and time. In contrast, Riley's 2015 northwestern Baja California plant guide explicitly describes A. maritima as halophytic and records it from dunes and alkaline flats. That is a species-specific ecological statement, but it gives no site measurements, ion composition, or root-zone concentration. A low-salinity result from one beach should not be generalized to every part of the range.",[58,25,26,36],"S3",{"id":60,"text":61,"source_ids":62,"claim_type":64},"s04-p02","The available sources do not establish a single flowering or fruiting season that applies across the range; local phenology remains tied to region and material.",[63,36],"S2","evidence_gap",{"id":66,"title":67,"paragraphs":68},"s05","Salinity in natural habitats",[69],{"id":70,"text":71,"source_ids":72,"claim_type":27},"s05-p01","The species is recorded on North American coastal dunes and some alkaline flats. The Trancas Beach study found that dry-sand salinity varied by microtopography and month; these measurements describe the site and are not paired to individual root zones.",[25,26],{"id":74,"title":75,"paragraphs":76},"s06","Salinity studies",[77,81,85,89,94],{"id":78,"text":79,"source_ids":80,"claim_type":37},"s06-p01","The De Jong (1978) greenhouse experiment used A. maritima seeds collected at Morro Bay, California; the paper’s other collection sites were for Atriplex. Seedlings grew in coarse beach sand and received quarter-strength Hoagland solution with artificial mixed sea salt by subirrigation; solutions were replaced weekly, conductivity was calibrated, and treatments were set at osmotic potentials of 0, −5, −10 and −20 bar. Salt was raised gradually over one week before high-salinity treatments. The autumn growth trial measured relative growth and net assimilation rates; mature greenhouse plants used for gas exchange were maintained at the assigned salinity for at least three weeks. Low salinity stimulated growth, whereas the highest treatment sharply reduced relative growth; increasing salinity also reduced photosynthesis and leaf conductance. The study reports mixed-sea-salt osmotic potential and does not support conversion to 460 mM or PSU.",[24],{"id":82,"text":83,"source_ids":84,"claim_type":37},"s06-p02","The abstract of Johnson (1985) reports 50–100% germination over two to three weeks when seeds were buried less than 8 cm in unsaturated soil at alternating 24\u002F20°C under less than 15% seawater; growth was inhibited at 30% seawater. The abstract does not specify salt composition or further treatment details.",[63],{"id":86,"text":87,"source_ids":88,"claim_type":37},"s06-p03","De Jong (1979) sampled a Trancas Beach dune community dominated by A. maritima monthly for 12 months; Table 3 values cover samples from May 1975 through January 1976. Salt content of dry sand at 30 cm ranged from 0.01 to 0.17%, with a forebeach mean of 0.08%; conductivity of water extracts was used to estimate mixed-salt mass fraction. Values varied from the forebeach inland and among months, describing site conditions rather than individual root zones or a plant treatment response.",[58],{"id":90,"text":91,"source_ids":92,"claim_type":37},"s06-p04","eHALOPH lists 460 mM as the species maximum and links the value to De Jong (1978). That paper used artificial mixed sea salt and expressed treatments as osmotic potential in bar; the database field gives no experimental basis or conversion method for 460 mM, so the number remains unsupported by the linked primary text.",[93],"S4",{"id":95,"text":96,"source_ids":97,"claim_type":37},"s06-p05","eHALOPH also lists 11.5 PSU and links it to Johnson (1985). The accessible abstract reports germination and growth in proportions of seawater but does not identify a treatment or measurement corresponding to 11.5 PSU, leaving the database unit and context unsupported by the source.",[98],"S5",{"id":100,"title":101,"paragraphs":102},"s07","Reported mechanisms and ecological adaptations",[103],{"id":104,"text":105,"source_ids":106,"claim_type":27},"s07-p01","De Jong's comparative study examined gas exchange and growth responses in specific coastal seed material. The response to salinity should not be extended to molecular mechanisms or populations outside the study.",[24,25,26],{"id":108,"title":109,"paragraphs":110},"s08","Conclusions and evidence gaps",[111],{"id":112,"text":113,"source_ids":114,"claim_type":27},"s08-p01","Ecological sources record the species in coastal dunes and alkaline flats. A mixed-seawater experiment found salinity-related changes in growth and photosynthesis, while sand salinity at Trancas Beach varied by location and month. The seawater-percentage results in Johnson’s abstract came from a separate seed study. Available evidence has not established a consistent root-zone salinity or NaCl growth threshold across populations.",[24,63,58,93,98,26,115],"S10",[117,131,145,159,171],{"id":118,"source_ids":119,"description":120},"M01",[24],{"evidence_type":121,"material":122,"salt_metric":123,"value_and_unit":124,"medium_and_exposure":125,"life_stage":126,"duration":127,"endpoint":128,"result":129,"limitations":130},"Greenhouse growth and gas-exchange experiment across mixed-sea-salt osmotic potentials","The De Jong (1978) experiment used A. maritima seeds collected at Morro Bay, California; the other collection locations reported in the paper belong to Atriplex species.","Artificial mixed seawater, expressed as osmotic potential","0, −5, −10, and −20 bar","Coarse beach sand with one-quarter-strength Hoagland solution; bottom-irrigated; EC monitored and osmotic potential calibrated with an osmometer","Seedlings and greenhouse-grown plants; relative-growth-rate treatment","High-salt treatments were increased gradually over one week. For relative growth measurements, the first harvest was at approximately one month of plant age, with four harvests in total at eight-day intervals. Mature plants for gas exchange were grown at the appropriate salinity under growth-chamber conditions for at least three weeks before measurement.","Relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, and photosynthetic gas exchange","The paper’s abstract reports that low salinity greatly stimulated A. maritima growth while photosynthesis was inhibited; the Results state that relative growth rate fell sharply at the highest salinity and was low without added salt.","Artificial mixed-sea-salt treatments were expressed as osmotic potential; the methods do not support converting −20 bar to 460 mM or PSU. Results apply to Morro Bay seed material and this greenhouse protocol, not the full life cycle or all populations across the range.",{"id":132,"source_ids":133,"description":134},"M02",[63],{"evidence_type":135,"material":136,"salt_metric":137,"value_and_unit":138,"medium_and_exposure":139,"life_stage":140,"duration":141,"endpoint":142,"result":143,"limitations":144},"Seed germination and growth experiment using seawater mixtures","Seeds from three climatic regions within the species' range","Seawater, a mixture whose composition is not specified in the abstract","Germination below 15% seawater; growth inhibited at 30% seawater","Greenhouse germination\u002Fgrowth treatments; germination conditions included burial \u003C8 cm, unsaturated soil, alternating 24\u002F20 °C temperatures, and \u003C15% seawater.","Germination and growth","2–3 weeks","Germination percentage and growth","The cached abstract reports 50–100% germination in 2–3 weeks under the combined conditions of burial \u003C8 cm, unsaturated soil, alternating 24\u002F20 °C temperatures, and \u003C15% seawater; growth was inhibited at 30% seawater. The authors interpreted these results as indicating that the species is not a halophyte.","The original abstract is represented by the eHALOPH-cached record; the full Johnson (1985) paper is unavailable. Treatment percentages refer to proportions of seawater, not PSU or NaCl mM, and the abstract’s conclusion applies only to the stated germination and growth conditions.",{"id":146,"source_ids":147,"description":148},"M03",[58],{"evidence_type":149,"material":150,"salt_metric":151,"value_and_unit":152,"medium_and_exposure":153,"life_stage":154,"duration":155,"endpoint":156,"result":157,"limitations":158},"Monthly soil-salinity survey of the natural dune community at Trancas Beach","Natural beach and dune plots at Trancas Beach, where A. maritima dominated dune mounds","Mixed salts in natural sand","Dry-sand salt mass fraction 0.01–0.17% across 30-cm positions at Trancas; forebeach mean 0.08%","Field dry sand extracted in water; salt mass fraction estimated from conductivity","Natural perennial community and its habitat","Monthly observations over 12 months; Table 3 values are samples from May 1975 through January 1976","Salt content of dry sand at 30 cm","De Jong (1979) reports a higher mean dry-sand salinity at the forebeach, with variation inland and among months; the strandline was not persistently highly saline.","These are environmental measurements at sites or plots, not individual root-zone values or a plant-tolerance experiment. They are not converted to ECe or NaCl concentration.",{"id":160,"source_ids":161,"description":162},"M04",[93,115],{"evidence_type":163,"material":164,"salt_metric":165,"value_and_unit":166,"medium_and_exposure":167,"life_stage":167,"duration":167,"endpoint":168,"result":169,"limitations":170},"eHALOPH maximum-salinity field linked to De Jong 1978","Species-level database record","Not verified","460 mM (secondary eHALOPH entry)","Not reported","Database maximum-salinity field","eHALOPH lists 460 mM in its maximum-salinity field.","The field links to De Jong (1978), which reports artificial mixed-sea-salt treatments as osmotic potential in bar and gives no direct 460 mM dose or conversion basis; the field cannot be interpreted as an NaCl concentration.",{"id":172,"source_ids":173,"description":174},"M05",[98,115],{"evidence_type":175,"material":164,"salt_metric":176,"value_and_unit":177,"medium_and_exposure":167,"life_stage":167,"duration":167,"endpoint":168,"result":178,"limitations":179},"eHALOPH salinity field linked to Johnson 1985","Not specified","11.5 PSU (secondary eHALOPH entry)","eHALOPH lists 11.5 PSU as a maximum-salinity field.","The linked Johnson (1985) abstract reports germination and growth using proportions of seawater but gives no material, treatment or measurement corresponding to this PSU value; the database value remains unsupported by the original text.",[181,188],{"name_original":182,"display_name":183,"record_id":184,"verification_level":185,"support_scope":186,"source_ids":187},"ehaloph","eHALOPH","11962","local_original","Species-level eHALOPH entry labels the plant psammophile and lists maximum values 460 mM and 11.5 PSU, optimum 115 mM, beach\u002Fcoastal-dune habitat, and prior spray and submersion tests. The 460 and 115 mM fields link to De Jong (1978), which reports mixed artificial sea salt and osmotic potential rather than verified mM values; 11.5 PSU links to Johnson (1985), whose accessible abstract reports percent seawater. The database values and primary-source units do not align. These database values do not establish NaCl tolerance thresholds or precise PSU measurements.",[98,93,63,115],{"name_original":189,"display_name":190,"record_id":191,"verification_level":185,"support_scope":192,"source_ids":193},"floraveg","FloraVeg.EU","baseline row 4","FloraVeg baseline row 4 does not match this species and has zero saline\u002Fbrackish EUNIS associations. The row provides no evidence for or against halophytism in North American coastal populations.",[194],"S9",[196,203,208,213,218,221,227,231,238,244],{"id":24,"citation_original":197,"url":198,"additional_urls":199,"source_kind":200,"verification_level":201,"checked_at":202},"De Jong. 1978. Comparative Gas Exchange and Growth Responses of C3 and C4 Beach Species Grown at Different Salinities. Oecologia 36:59–68. DOI:10.1007\u002FBF00344571","https:\u002F\u002Fdejong.ucdavis.edu\u002Fsites\u002Fg\u002Ffiles\u002Fdgvnsk8456\u002Ffiles\u002Ffiles\u002Fpage\u002F6%20DeJong%20Comp%20Growth%20and%20Gas%20c3%20vs%20c4%201978.pdf",[],"primary_experiment","full_text","2026-10-03",{"id":63,"citation_original":204,"url":205,"additional_urls":206,"source_kind":200,"verification_level":207,"checked_at":202},"Johnson, A.F. (1985). Ecología de Abronia maritima, especie pionera de las dunas del oeste de México [eHALOPH英文索引题名: Ecology of Abronia-maritima, a pioneer from the dunes of West Mexico]. Biotica (Mexico) 10(1):19–34.","https:\u002F\u002Fehaloph.uc.pt\u002Freference_view\u002F6394",[],"archived_synthesis",{"id":58,"citation_original":209,"url":210,"additional_urls":211,"source_kind":212,"verification_level":201,"checked_at":202},"De Jong. 1979. Water and Salinity Relations of Californian Beach Species. Journal of Ecology 67:647–663","https:\u002F\u002Fdejong.ucdavis.edu\u002Fsites\u002Fg\u002Ffiles\u002Fdgvnsk8456\u002Ffiles\u002Ffiles\u002Fpage\u002F8%20DeJong%20Water%20and%20Salinity%20Beach%201979.pdf",[],"primary_field",{"id":93,"citation_original":214,"url":215,"additional_urls":216,"source_kind":217,"verification_level":207,"checked_at":202},"eHALOPH reference 6393: De Jong, T.M. (1978), Comparative gas exchange and growth responses of 3 carbon and 4 carbon beach species grown at different salinities.","https:\u002F\u002Fehaloph.uc.pt\u002Freference_view\u002F6393",[],"database",{"id":98,"citation_original":219,"url":205,"additional_urls":220,"source_kind":217,"verification_level":207,"checked_at":202},"eHALOPH reference 6394: Johnson, A.F. (1985), Ecología de Abronia maritima, especie pionera de las dunas del oeste de México. Biotica 10(1):19–34.",[],{"id":25,"citation_original":222,"url":223,"additional_urls":224,"source_kind":225,"verification_level":207,"checked_at":226},"NatureServe Explorer, Mediterranean California Southern Coastal Dune system","https:\u002F\u002Fexplorer.natureserve.org\u002FTaxon\u002FELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722773\u002FMediterranean_California_Southern_Coastal_Dune",[],"authoritative_flora","2026-09-29",{"id":26,"citation_original":228,"url":229,"additional_urls":230,"source_kind":225,"verification_level":207,"checked_at":226},"Riley, J. (2015). Plant Guide: Maritime Succulent Scrub Region, Northwest Baja California, Mexico. Edited and photographed by J. Rebman & S. Vanderplank. Botanical Miscellany 42, BRIT Press, p.150. ISBN 9781889878447.","https:\u002F\u002F0064dcb.netsolhost.com\u002Fjardinbotanicosq\u002FMSS_Guide_low.pdf",[],{"id":36,"citation_original":232,"url":233,"additional_urls":234,"source_kind":235,"verification_level":236,"checked_at":237},"Plants of the World Online (POWO), Kew Science. Abronia maritima Nutt. ex S.Watson.","https:\u002F\u002Fpowo.science.kew.org\u002Ftaxon\u002Furn:lsid:ipni.org:names:326891-2",[],"taxonomic_authority","authority_record","2026-10-02",{"id":194,"citation_original":239,"url":240,"additional_urls":241,"source_kind":217,"verification_level":185,"checked_at":243},"FloraVeg.EU \u002F Chytrý et al. (2020), EUNIS-ESy characteristic-species combinations, version 2021-06-01. DOI:10.5281\u002Fzenodo.4812736.","https:\u002F\u002Ffiles.ibot.cas.cz\u002Fcevs\u002Fdownloads\u002Ffloraveg\u002FCharacteristic-species-combinations-EUNIS-habitats-2021-06-01.xlsx",[242],"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5281\u002Fzenodo.4812736","2026-10-04",{"id":115,"citation_original":245,"url":246,"additional_urls":247,"source_kind":217,"verification_level":185,"checked_at":202},"eHALOPH species record 11962, Abronia maritima","https:\u002F\u002Fehaloph.uc.pt\u002Fshowplant\u002F11962",[248],"https:\u002F\u002Fehaloph.uc.pt\u002Fapi\u002Fv1\u002Fplants\u002F11962",1792838237841]